李婕 單紅麗 王長秘 倉曉燕 王曉燕 張榮躍 房超 韋美英 馬燕青 黃應昆




摘要
2020年在廣西南寧市金光農場發現‘桂糖58’和‘柳城05136’疑似感染甘蔗赤條病,為明確其病原,本研究對不同甘蔗品種進行了發病率調查,并采集病樣進行了PCR檢測分析。田間調查結果表明:不同品種自然發病率不同,‘桂糖58’發病率為29%~52.33%,發病嚴重田塊平均發病率為49.67%,發病中等田塊平均發病率為33.67%,發病較輕田塊平均發病率為29.89%;‘柳城05136’發病率為2%~27.67%,發病嚴重田塊平均發病率為21.67%,發病中等田塊平均發病率為21.22%,發病較輕田塊平均發病率為4.67%。PCR檢測分析表明:有19份樣品擴增出550 bp的特異性條帶,陽性檢出率為95%,測序序列與Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae 序列同源性高達100%,且在構建的系統發育樹上處于同一分支,證實檢測樣品為A.avenae subsp. avenae感染引起的甘蔗赤條病。本研究結果表明,‘桂糖58’為高感品種,‘柳城05136’為感病品種,今后應積極采取相應防控措施,防治該細菌病害擴展蔓延,確保我國蔗糖產業安全可持續發展。
??關鍵詞
廣西;甘蔗赤條病;發病率;PCR檢測;系統發育分析
中圖分類號:
S435.661
文獻標識碼:A
DOI:10.16688/j.zwbh.2020662
Investigation and molecular detection of sugarcane red stripe caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae in Nanning, Guangxi
LI Jie1,SHAN Hongli1,WANG Changmi1,CANG Xiaoyan1,WANG Xiaoyan1,
ZHANG Rongyue1,FANG Chao2,WEI Meiying2,MA Yanqing2,HUANG Yingkun1*
(1. Sugarcane Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Kaiyuan661699, China; 2. Guangxi
Keimike Agricultural Technology Service Co. Ltd., Nanning530000, China)
Abstract
In 2020, suspected sugarcane red stripe disease was found in ‘Guitang 58’ and ‘Liucheng 05136’ in Jinguang farm, Nanning city, Guangxi. In order to identify the pathogen, we investigated the incidence of different sugarcane varieties, and collected disease samples for PCR molecular detection and sequencing analysis. Field survey results showed that the incidence? of different varieties were different. The disease incidence in ‘Guitang 58’ was 29%-52.33%, the average disease incidence of severely, moderately and lighter affected fields was 49.67%, 33.67%, 29.89%, respectively. The disease incidence in ‘Liucheng 05136’ was 2%-27.67%, the average disease incidence of severely, moderately and lighter affected fields was 21.67%, 21.22% and 4.67%, respectively. PCR analysis showed that 19 samples amplified a 550 bp specific band with a positive detection rate of 95%. And the obtained sequences had 100% homology and were on the same branch with Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae in phylogenetic tree, which confirmed that the tested samples were sugarcane red stripe disease caused by A.avenae subsp. avenae. The above results showed that ‘Guitang 58’ was highly susceptible variety and ‘Liucheng 05136’ was susceptible variety. In the future, corresponding prevention and control measures should be actively taken to prevent the spread of the bacterial disease and ensure the safe and sustainable development of sugar industry in China.
Key words
Guangxi;sugarcane red stripe disease;incidence;PCR detection;phylogenetic analysis
由燕麥噬酸菌燕麥亞種Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae引起的甘蔗赤條病(sugarcane red stripe disease)是一種世界性甘蔗細菌病害[1]。感病甘蔗葉片初期出現水漬狀褪綠條紋,很快發展成明顯的紅色條紋,長度和寬度不等,感染侵入頂端生長點可導致蔗莖壞死[2]。該病害于1890年在美國夏威夷首先報道[3],目前在美國、澳大利亞、印度、古巴、伊朗、阿根廷、巴基斯坦和加蓬等50多個植蔗國家和地區均有發生[2 12],曾在阿根廷、巴基斯坦等甘蔗種植國暴發流行,給當地蔗糖產業造成嚴重經濟損失[2, 12 13]。由黃單胞桿菌屬Xanthomonas sp. [14]和鏈格孢屬Alternaria sp. [15]真菌引起的甘蔗葉部病害癥狀與A.avenae subsp. avenae引起的甘蔗赤條病癥狀相似,感病蔗葉均會產生紅色或紅褐色條紋,僅從發病癥狀進行診斷容易誤診。
近年來,甘蔗赤條病在我國云南、廣東、廣西、福建蔗區均有報道,多為局部零星發生[16 18]。2020年,本團隊在廣西南寧市金光農場叫琳基地‘桂糖58’和‘柳城05136’甘蔗上發現疑似甘蔗赤條病癥狀, 準確進行病原的鑒定是病害精準科學防控的基礎和關鍵。為此,本研究結合田間發病癥狀、PCR分子檢測及測序分析進行了病原鑒定,并對不同品種自然發病率進行了調查統計,研究結果可為不同區域甘蔗品種布局及甘蔗赤條病的抗性鑒定提供參考依據。
1材料與方法
1.1病害調查及樣品采集
2020年5月,在廣西壯族自治區南寧市金光農場叫琳基地發現‘桂糖58’(一年宿根)和‘柳城05136’(一年宿根)疑似感染甘蔗赤條病,每個品種按發病重、中、輕各隨機選擇3個點取樣調查,每個點取3行各300株有效蔗株調查發病情況,記錄發病株數,觀察并記錄病害癥狀。按以下公式計算發病率。
發病率=(發病株數/調查總株數)× 100%。
1.2蔗葉總DNA的提取
采集20份具有典型癥狀的甘蔗植株,稱取各待測發病甘蔗葉片0.2 g,加入液氮研磨成粉狀,采用北京全式金生物技術公司的 Easy Pure plant Genomic DNA Kit按照說明書方法提取葉片總DNA,用Eppendorf AG 22331蛋白/核酸分析儀檢測提取DNA質量, 20℃保存備用。
1.3甘蔗赤條病菌PCR檢測
參照Song等[19]根據甘蔗赤條病菌16S23S核糖體ITS區域設計的特異性引物Oaf1:5′ GTCGGTGCTAACGACATGG3′和Oar1:5′AGACAT
CTCCGCTTTCTTTCAA3′、反應體系及擴增程序進行甘蔗赤條病菌PCR檢測,預期目的片段長度為550 bp。引物委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成,擴增產物用1.5%的瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測。陽性對照甘蔗赤條病菌基因組DNA為云南省甘蔗遺傳改良重點實驗室鑒定保存,陰性對照為健康組培苗,空白對照為無菌雙蒸水。
1.4PCR產物克隆、測序及序列分析
PCR擴增目的片段用北京天根生化科技有限公司瓊脂糖凝膠回收試劑盒回收純化。純化的PCR產物用全式金生物科技有限公司的pEASYT5 Zero Cloning Kit進行克隆,并轉化E.coil DH5α感受態細胞,選取10個樣品各挑取6個陽性克隆送北京六合華大基因科技股份有限公司測序。測序結果首先在GenBank進行BLAST檢索,然后用MEGA 6.0軟件進行序列分析,并構建系統進化樹。
1.5數據分析
采用DPS V18.10 進行數據整理及分析,并對結果進行Duncan氏新復極差法分析比較差異顯著性。
2結果與分析
2.1甘蔗赤條病田間癥狀觀察
甘蔗赤條病最初表現為水漬狀褪綠條紋,不久即擴展為長條狀紅色病斑,最后變為栗色或深紅色。條紋通常發生于嫩葉中部近中脈處(圖1a),有些則集中于葉基部(圖1b)。條紋與葉脈平行,病健交界明顯,寬0.5~4 mm,長幾厘米至蔗葉全長(圖1c)。常常2條或數條條紋合并連接形成寬帶狀病斑(圖1d)。病葉下表皮通常可見細菌溢出物。心葉受到病菌的侵染,后期可導致心葉腐爛,心葉很容易從葉鞘中拉出,并發出特殊惡臭(圖1e)。
2.2甘蔗赤條病發生情況調查
對疑似甘蔗赤條病為害的‘桂糖58’和‘柳城05136’田間發病情況進行調查統計分析(表1)。結果顯示:‘桂糖58’發病率為29%~52.33%;發病嚴重田塊,發病率為45%~52.33%,平均發病率為49.67%;發病中等田塊,發病率為30%~40.67%,平均發病率為33.67%;發病較輕田塊,發病率為29%~30.67%,平均發病率為29.89%。‘柳城05136’發病率為2%~27.67%;發病嚴重田塊,發病率為16%~27.67%,平均發病率為21.67%;發病中等田塊,發病率為18.33%~26.33%,平均發病率為21.22%;發病較輕田塊,發病率為2%~9%,平均發病率為4.67%。
顯著性分析表明(表1),‘桂糖58’發病嚴重田塊與發病中等、發病較輕田塊的平均發病率差異顯著,后兩者之間差異不顯著;‘柳城05136’發病嚴
重、發病中等田塊與發病較輕田塊的平均發病率差
異顯著,發病嚴重田塊與發病中等田塊的平均發病率差異不顯著。
2.3甘蔗赤條病菌PCR檢測
對典型癥狀樣品進行了甘蔗赤條病特異性PCR檢測,結果顯示,20份樣品中,19份樣品和陽性對照均能擴增出大小約550 bp的目的條帶,而陰性對照和空白對照均未擴增出預期目的條帶(圖2),表明檢測樣品為A.avenae subsp. avenae感染引起的甘蔗赤條病。
2.4序列分析
從PCR檢測陽性樣品中隨機選取10個PCR產物進行測序,大小均為550 bp。通過BLAST比對,選擇其中2個序列進行進一步分析,序列(GenBank登錄號:MW280446MW280447)與A.avenae subsp. avenae (GenBank登錄號:AY080998)16S23S rDNA核苷酸序列相似性達98.05%,與廣東湛江‘云蔗082060’上的A.avenae subsp. avenae(GenBank登錄號:KY363756)序列同源性高達100%。系統進化分析表明,所得序列與A.avenae subsp. avenae處于同一分支上,親緣關系最近(圖3),進一步證實了檢測樣品為A.avenae subsp. avenae感染引起的甘蔗赤條病。
3討論
僅通過田間發病癥狀進行診斷容易導致誤判,基于PCR分子檢測技術進行快速分子診斷具有準確、快速、高效等特點,已廣泛應用于各種病害的檢測和鑒定。目前已建立成熟穩定的甘蔗赤條病分子檢測方法,即Song等根據A.avenae subsp. avenae的16S23S核糖體ITS區域設計的特異性引物Oaf1/Oar1,擴增目的條帶大小約為550 bp[19]。 本研究利用該引物對,對廣西南寧市金光農場叫琳基地‘桂糖58’和‘柳城05136’疑似甘蔗赤條病樣品進行了PCR擴增及測序分析,證實檢測樣品為A.avenae subsp. avenae感染引起的甘蔗赤條病。
A.avenae subsp. avenae寄主范圍廣泛,除侵染甘蔗外,還可侵染多種禾本科植物,包括玉米、水稻、高粱、黍、燕麥、大麥、小米和狐尾草Setaria viridis等[19 25],這些中間宿主為甘蔗赤條病的發生危害提供了初侵染源。近年來,甘蔗赤條病在我國廣西、云南、廣東、福建等蔗區零星發生,但部分蔗區發病率高達80%[16]。田間調查發現:‘云蔗03194’高度感病,發病率一般為8%~30%,嚴重田塊高達80%[16],‘福農38號’為感病品種,發病率為23%[17],‘ROC 16’‘ROC 25’‘粵糖93159’‘粵糖00236’‘桂糖94116’‘桂引5號’和‘閩糖11610’也為感病品種[18,26]。本研究在廣西南寧市金光農場叫琳基地發現甘蔗赤條病,并進行了田間自然發病率調查,明確了‘桂糖58’為高感品種,發病率為29%~52.33%;‘柳城05136’為易感品種,發病率為2%~27.67%。因此,今后各蔗區調種、運種時應加強對該病害的檢疫和監測,防止該病害隨蔗種在各蔗區傳播蔓延,同時應及時清除病株。此外,在品種布局時,應避免在赤條病發生區種植‘桂糖58’‘柳城05136’和‘云蔗03194’等高感或易感赤條病品種。
A.avenae subsp. avenae屬于革蘭氏陰性菌,最適生長溫度為30~35℃[27],致死溫度為51~52℃[28]。在田間主要靠風、雨傳播,也可通過蔗種、機械損傷、昆蟲等進行傳播[18,28],該病原菌可在土壤中存活長達1個月,感病枯老蔗葉、蔗莖中的病原體4個月后仍有致病力[28]。由于甘蔗是無性繁殖作物,甘蔗赤條病可通過蔗種進行傳播,而蔗種溫水處理脫毒技術已廣泛應用于甘蔗宿根矮化病的防控,并取得較好的效果[29 30]。因此,除了種植抗病品種、化學防控及科學田間管理等措施外,今后可考慮開展甘蔗赤條病溫水脫毒處理防控效果研究,為該病害的防控提供一條經濟、有效的新途徑。
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收稿日期:2020 12 10修訂日期:2021 01 06
基金項目:
國家現代農業產業技術體系(糖料)建設專項資金(CARS170303);云嶺產業技術領軍人才培養項目(2018LJRC56);云南省現代農業產業技術體系建設專項資金(YNGZTX-4-92)
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