動詞不定式用法聚焦

陳曉煒

動詞不定式的基本形式是to do，它的否定式是在to前面加not，即not to do。動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，因此可以在句中作賓語、賓語補足語和狀語等。具體見下面：

一、動詞不定式作賓語

1. 動詞plan、hope、decide、refuse、want、help等后常接動詞不定式作賓語。例如：

Eric hopes to get together with his family soon. 埃里克希望不久能和他的家人團聚。

Mrs Green refuses to eat sweet food， because she doesn’t want to get fat.

格林夫人拒絕吃甜食，因為她不想變胖。

2. 動詞不定式可以和what、which、how、when、where等疑問詞連用，構成“疑問詞 + 動詞不定式”結構，作動詞或介詞的賓語。例如：

The restaurant has so many dishes that I can’t decide what to eat.

這個飯館有如此多的菜品以至于我不能決定吃什么。

Do you know how to make a banana milk shake？ 你知道怎樣做香蕉奶昔嗎？

3. 在“find / think / feel / believe / make + it + 形容詞 + 動詞不定式結構”中，it為形式賓語，真正的賓語是動詞不定式。例如：

The new teacher finds it hard to teach the students.

這個新來的老師感到教學生很難。

The internet makes it possible for quite a few people to work at home.

因特網使不少人在家辦公成為可能。

二、動詞不定式作賓語補足語

1. 動詞ask、teach、tell、advise、invite等后常接帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。例如：

Can you teach me to do Chinese kung fu？ 你能教我練中國功夫嗎？

The doctor advised my grandmother to go for a walk every afternoon.

醫生建議我奶奶每天下午散步。

2. 使役動詞（如let、make、have等）或感官動詞（如see、hear、watch、feel等）后面常接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。例如：

Mr Zhang often makes his son do some dishes. 張先生經常讓他的兒子洗餐具。

Did you hear your parents go out just now？ 剛才你聽到你的父母出去了嗎？

I often watch the kids play soccer on the playground.

我經常在操場上看孩子們踢足球。

注意：help后的動詞不定式可以帶to，也可以不帶to。例如：

Shirley helped （to） get ready for the party. 雪莉幫助籌備了這次聚會。

Could you help me （to） buy a pair of gloves？ 你能幫我買一副手套嗎？

三、動詞不定式作狀語

動詞不定式可以在句中作目的狀語、原因狀語、結果狀語等。例如：

Tom opened the door to let in some fresh air. 湯姆打開門，讓新鮮空氣進來。

The boy is old enough to take care of himself.

這個男孩足夠大，可以自己照顧自己了。

I was very surprised to see a gift box on my desk this morning.

今天早上我看到課桌上的禮盒感到很驚奇。

【真題回放】

1. （2021·重慶A卷）The villagers plan a new bridge over the river.

A. build B. building C. to build D. built

【答案與解析】C. 句意：村民們計劃在這條河上建造一座新橋。plan to do sth意為“計劃做某事”，動詞不定式作賓語。故選C。

2. （2021·遼寧·丹東） Turn the world into a big family， and we’ll make people’s wish? true earlier.

A. comes B. will come C. come D. to come

【答案與解析】C. 句意：把世界變成一個大家庭，并且我們可以讓人們的愿望早點實現。make sb do sth意為“讓/使某人做某事”，make后要接不帶to的動詞不定式。故選C。

3. （2021·江蘇·揚州） In many countries， people put their fingers up to their mouths? silence.

A. ask for B. asking for C. to ask for D. asked for

【答案與解析】C. 句意：在許多國家，人們將手指放到嘴邊要求保持沉默。本題考查動詞不定式作目的狀語。故選C。

【即時演練】

一、用括號中所給動詞的適當形式填空。

1. Mr King doesn’t know how? ? （repair） this computer.

2. Would you like? ? （come） to my birthday party tonight？

3. He stayed at the school? ? （clean）up the classroom.

4. After two hours’ drive， he decided? ? （stop） and have a good rest.

5. Please let me? ? （know） if you need any help.

6. Tina finds it difficult? ? （understand） the article about space.

7. Do you often help your parents? ? （do） housework？

8. I saw Linda? ? （walk） into the coffee shop just now.

9. I’m thinking about doing what I can? ? （help） the homeless.

10. Don’t forget ______ （call） Mrs Black up in the afternoon.

二、單項選擇。

1. —Do you have any plans for the coming vacation？

—Yes. We decide ______ Kunming.

A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited

2. Don’t make him ______ too much housework. After all， he is very young.

A. do B. doing C. to do D. does

3. Don’t worry. We will do what we can ______ your boy.

A. save B. to save C. saving D. to saving

4. My mother always tells me ______ too much junk food because it is bad for my health.

A. to eat B. not eat C. not to eat D. to not eat

Keys： 一、1. to repair 2. to come 3. to clean 4. to stop 5. know 6. to understand 7. （to） do 8. walk 9. to help 10. to call

二、1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C