汪逸純 張真真 萬貴平
[摘要] 白細胞介素-33(IL-33)作為白細胞介素-1細胞因子超家族的新成員,在各種疼痛反應過程中發揮調節作用。通過回顧炎癥性疼痛、神經性疼痛、骨癌痛、手臂振動綜合征、疼痛性膀胱綜合征以及急性心肌梗死等疾病文獻中的 IL-33含量,發現 IL-33在不同組織、系統中存在表達差異,且 IL-33可誘導生長刺激表達基因2 蛋白(ST2)受體廣泛表達(尤其是輔助性 T2細胞和肥大細胞),以核因子κB(NF-κB)依賴的方式產生促炎性物質,釋放信號因子,促進下游通路中炎癥反應的發生,進而參與 T 細胞介導的免疫應答,這為疼痛的治療提供了新思路。
[關鍵詞] 白細胞介素-33;疼痛;促炎物質;免疫應答
[中圖分類號] R-1; R338??? [文獻標識碼] A??? [文章編號] 2095-0616(2022)06-0041-04
A review of the relationship between IL-33 and pain and prospect
WANG? Yichun????? ZHANG? Zhenzhen????? WAN? Guiping2
1. Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210000, China;2. Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210000, China
[Abstract] Interleukin-33(IL-33), a new member of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines, plays a regulatory role in various pain responses. A literature review on IL-33 levels in various diseases such as inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, bone cancer pain, hand-arm vibration syndrome, bladder pain syndrome, and acute myocardial infarction revealed that IL-33 is differentially expressed in different tissues and systems and IL-33 can induce growth stimulation expressed gene 2 protein (ST2) receptor (especially in T-helper 2 cells and mast cells) expresses extensively, produce pro-inflammatory substances in an NF-κB-dependent manner, release signaling factors, activate the onset of inflammatory responses in downstream pathways, and then participate in T-cell-mediated immune responses, which provides a new idea for the treatment of pain.
[Key words] Interleukin-33; Pain; Pro-inflammatory substances; Immune response
白細胞介素-33(interleukin-33, IL-33)是近年才被發現的一種多功能細胞因子,隸屬于 IL-1家族。IL-33與許多疾病都有著密切的關系,如心血管疾病、風濕性關節炎、多種惡性腫瘤等。既往研究結果顯示,患者產生疼痛感的同時,機體內 IL-33呈明顯上升趨勢,疼痛與 IL-33具有較強的依存關系[1-2]。因此,本文從 IL-33介導的疼痛機制出發,探討其在神經性疼痛、骨癌痛、手臂振動綜合征和疼痛性膀胱綜合征等疾病中的作用及可能的治療思路。
1 IL-33介導疼痛的機制
1.1?? IL-33介導炎癥性疼痛的機制
IL-33、生長刺激表達基因 2蛋白(growth stimulation expressed gene 2 protein, ST2)與炎癥疼痛具有較大的相關性。ST2主要有兩種亞型,跨膜型 ST2(ST2L)和可溶型 ST2(sST2)[3],其中 sST2 是 IL-33的誘騙受體[4]。IL-33可通過 ST2受體發出信號激活核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)和 Janus 激酶2(JAK2)等相關酶[5],誘導 MAPK 通路磷酸化,從而調節轉錄因子、相關酶、蛋白等底物[6],最終促進炎癥反應的發生。同時, IL-33還可以 NF-κB依賴性的方式產生、釋放促炎癥性遞質如 IL-1β、腫瘤壞死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)和白細胞介素-6 等,進一步加重炎癥性疼痛反應。Gao 等[7]發現軟骨下骨折后,關節腔內除軟骨退變, IL-33和其他促炎細胞因子均升高,這提示 IL-33可能是軟骨下骨折后關節腔內股骨頭壞死潛在的促炎細胞因子。在非壓迫性腰椎間盤突出癥大鼠模型中,脊髓內IL-33/ST2信號的激活與神經根疼痛的發生發展關系密切[8]。另有研究表明,淋巴毒素(lymphotoxin,LT)信號傳導的完全阻斷會顯著降低Ⅱ型天然免疫細胞(type Ⅱ natural immune cells, ILC2)活性和2 型炎癥的下游反應,使 IL-33和 LT 缺陷小鼠中的 2型反應等效減弱, ILC2的激活說明這些途徑之間存在強大協同作用[9]。
因此,IL-33在炎癥性疼痛中可通過多條細胞信號通路發揮作用,其中 ST2信號通路及 MAPK 通路磷酸化是誘導炎性疼痛的關鍵細胞通路,并且 IL-33誘導疼痛發生的劑量和組織炎癥程度具有相關性。
1.2?? IL-33介導神經性疼痛的機制
神經性疼痛是一種體感系統的病變或疾病直接引起的疼痛[10]。在坐骨神經慢性壓迫性損傷的神經病理性疼痛中, IL-33主要存在于脊髓少突膠質細胞中,其通過激活磷脂酰激醇3 激酶(PI3K)、 MAPK、西羅莫司靶蛋白和 NF-κB,促使核因子2 和 IL-1β產生,進而誘發疼痛反應[11]。在非壓迫性腰椎間盤突出癥大鼠模型中, IL-33/ST2信號通路誘導激活星形膠質細胞 JAK2-STAT3級聯和神經元CaMK Ⅱ-CREB 級聯,引發神經病理性疼痛 [11-12]。脊柱注射慢病毒載體編碼靶向 IL-33的短發夾狀 RNA(LV-shIL-33)后,脊髓內的 IL-1β、 TNF-α和環氧合酶-2(COX-2)表達明顯降低,表明 IL-33可通過調節 IL-1β等的表達,參與神經疼痛調節。Capitano 等[13]認為, IL-33是通過作用于神經元、星形膠質細胞和脊髓少突膠質細胞上的 ST2,進而誘發了坐骨神經慢性壓迫性損傷的神經病理性疼痛。在大鼠備用神經損傷模型(standby? nerve injury model, SNI)中,背根神經節上的IL-33 和 ST2上調。鞘內注射 IL-33或 ST2抗體可以減輕機械性異常性疼痛,降低 SNI 的 TNF-α和? IL-1β濃度,減輕全身炎癥反應,并誘導背根神經節中 IL-33和 ST2下調[14]。
IL-33可以多種方式調節相關分子(如中性粒細胞、肥大細胞、巨噬細胞、星形膠質細胞和小膠質細胞)及信號通路,從而改善神經性疼痛[15],然而,具體機制仍需進一步研究。
2 IL-33與疼痛相關疾病
2.1?? IL-33與骨癌痛
骨癌是由多種癌癥的原發或繼發性骨轉移所誘發,如乳腺癌、肺癌和前列腺癌等,骨癌患者常常出現明顯的夜間痛,且疼痛程度難以忍受[16]。既往研究顯示,小鼠接種骨癌細胞后,脊髓及相關炎性細胞因子表達量均顯著提高,但受體表達無明顯變化,當以中和性抗體干預信號通路或是敲除該受體基因后,接種受體的疼痛行為得到有效緩解,提示IL-33/ST2信號通路激活可誘發小鼠骨癌痛[16]。此外,免疫組織化學結果亦顯示,該信號通路在脊髓星形膠質細胞及神經元細胞中均有表達[17],可促進中樞敏化,進而參與調節骨癌痛。Zhao 等[18] 向骨癌疼痛模型小鼠鞘內注射 ST2抗體,發現其可以阻斷 IL-33/ST2信號傳導,減輕骨癌疼痛小鼠的疼痛,且具有劑量依賴性,提示 IL-33可以介導 ST2,誘導骨癌痛[19]。
2.2?? IL-33與手臂振動綜合征
由于職業原因手臂長期地暴露于機械振動下的患者,會產生手臂振動綜合征(hand-arm vibration? syndrome, HAVS),其癥狀是持續性肌肉疼痛。 IL-33在骨骼肌損傷后的炎癥反應和恢復過程中扮演著重要角色。Alvarez 等[20]發現,在成年雄性大鼠 HAVS 模型中振動后24 h 內觀察到大鼠同側腓腸肌中 IL-33含量升高,這與肌內注射重組大鼠 IL-33(rrIL-33,10~ 300 ng)產生的痛覺過敏類似。而在鞘內注射對 IL-33R/ST2 mRNA 翻譯的寡聚脫氧核苷酸(ODN)可降低 DRG 中 ST2的表達,并減弱 rrIL-33和振動誘發的機械性痛覺過敏。以上發現表明靶向 IL-33/ST2信號傳導可能是治療 HAVS 中肌肉疼痛的有效策略,將有助于緩解人體工程學振動引起的肌肉疼痛。
2.3?? IL-33與疼痛性膀胱綜合征
疼痛性膀胱綜合征(painful bladder syndrome, PBS)是一種較為常見的慢性炎癥性疼痛疾病,大多數患者在接受常規治療后疼痛改善不明顯[21]。 IC/PBS 患者的尿液中 IL-33水平升高,有研究認為 IL-33可能與患者的疼痛相關[22]。Martin 等[23]發現在肥大細胞缺陷 C-kit(-/-)和野生動物中可誘導出類似 PBS 患者的炎癥狀態,提示 IL-33肥大細胞依賴性軸可能是 PBS 中疼痛和炎癥的潛在病因。未來,靶向 IL-33肥大細胞軸進行疼痛治療可能成為 PBS 患者的有效治療途徑。
2.4?? IL-33與急性心肌梗死
急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction, AMI)期間的疼痛和炎癥與創傷后應激障礙有關,也可能對軀體結局產生負面影響[24]。Imholz等[25]報道了 AMI 期間疼痛、循環促炎(TNF-α、IL-6)和抗炎(IL-33、TGF-β1)細胞因子水平之間的關系,認為 AMI 發作期間疼痛與抗炎細胞因子有關,與促炎細胞因子無關。IL-33具有心臟保護作用,因此較低的 IL-33水平和劇烈的疼痛反應可能提示了 AMI? 期間 IL-33水平與疼痛加劇有關, IL-33水平可用于評估 AMI 患者預后情況。
3 小結與展望
IL-33及其受體 ST2在疼痛發生中具有重要作用,通過 ST2L 和 IL-1受體輔助蛋白組成的受體復合物作為活化信號,誘導細胞因子、趨化因子、一氧化氮合酶、基質金屬蛋白酶等效應蛋白的表達,在多種炎癥和自身免疫性疾病中協調炎癥反應。在急性與慢性疼痛中,包含炎癥性疼痛、神經性疼痛、骨癌痛、手臂振動綜合征、疼痛性膀胱綜合征以及急性心肌梗死這些疼痛性疾病中, IL-33的表達量不同,且在通過特異的通路刺激不同的細胞活化,介導疼痛反應,但是相關的機制尚不完全明確,仍需未來進一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2021-08-14)