科技成果類(lèi)說(shuō)明文讀寫(xiě)指南

河南 巴靈芝

文體導(dǎo)讀

科技成果類(lèi)說(shuō)明文是以介紹某一科技成果為主題的文章。此類(lèi)文章常圍繞某一科技產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)背景、研發(fā)過(guò)程、成果應(yīng)用等方面進(jìn)行介紹。在表達(dá)方式上，此類(lèi)文章以說(shuō)明、描寫(xiě)為主，以敘述、議論等表達(dá)方式為輔。

策略導(dǎo)航

1.彩繪基本要素。借助彩筆對(duì)文本中的基本要素進(jìn)行標(biāo)記。例如，用紅色筆標(biāo)注what，用黃色筆標(biāo)注who，用藍(lán)色筆標(biāo)注why，用綠色筆標(biāo)注how。通過(guò)標(biāo)注繪出主干信息彩圖，這有助于既快又準(zhǔn)地把握說(shuō)明對(duì)象的基本信息，使說(shuō)明對(duì)象快速在腦海中“成像”。

2.利用“WPFAE”模式使文本框架直觀化，為寫(xiě)作提供仿寫(xiě)提綱。“WPFAE”是科技成果類(lèi)說(shuō)明文的基本要素。其中W 指的是what、who、why；P 為process；F 為function；A為application；E為evaluation。

文章結(jié)構(gòu)Introduction Body Evaluation基本要素What：引出說(shuō)明對(duì)象Who：介紹發(fā)明者Why：簡(jiǎn)述研發(fā)背景Process：敘述研發(fā)過(guò)程Function：介紹產(chǎn)品功能Application：說(shuō)明產(chǎn)品的應(yīng)用評(píng)價(jià)成果的實(shí)用價(jià)值、應(yīng)用前景等

素材導(dǎo)背

science fair 科技展

innovation 創(chuàng)新

hard-working 工作努力的

independently 獨(dú)立自主地

teamwork 團(tuán)隊(duì)合作

cooperative 配合的；合作的

ambitious 志向遠(yuǎn)大的

commitment 投入

creativity 創(chuàng)造力

knowledgeable 博學(xué)的；有豐富知識(shí)的

adventurous 愛(ài)冒險(xiǎn)的；大膽開(kāi)拓的

inspire 鼓勵(lì)；賦予靈感

pay off 付清；取得成功

spare no effort 不遺余力

a sense of achievement 成就感

persistent 執(zhí)著的；堅(jiān)持不懈的

live up to one's expectations 不辜負(fù)某人的期望

be keen on 熱衷于；渴望

passionate 酷愛(ài)的；熱愛(ài)的

take charge of 接管；負(fù)責(zé)

take the lead 處于領(lǐng)先地位

courageous 勇敢的

challenging 具有挑戰(zhàn)性的

rewarding 有益的

realize one's dream 實(shí)現(xiàn)某人的夢(mèng)想

fulfil one's potential 發(fā)揮某人的潛力

exchange ideas 交換思想；交流看法

supportive 支持的；提供幫助的

cheerful 高興的；快樂(lè)的

impressive 令人敬佩的；令人難忘的

striking 引人注目的；顯著的

be recognized as 被公認(rèn)為

案例導(dǎo)練

An amazing invention

Sala de Medeiros, an engineer at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues found a way to turn an ordinary sheet of paper into a simple electronic keypad.Many teams around the world are working on paper-based electronics.But this new device is the first to power itself and also repel water and dust.

No single moment inspired her paper keypad, Sala de Medeiros said. Instead, she focused on devices other engineers have been working on. Then she asked herself,“What are the gaps? What can I overcome?”High cost was a problem with some flexible electronics. So she decided to work with low-cost materials. That would make it easier to eventually turn her idea into something most people could afford. She also recalls wanting something that felt like regular paper, but wouldn't easily get wet or dirty.“It also should fit in your pocket,”she said.

Teflon is a chemical coating that keeps food from sticking to pots and pans. Similar compounds can also make paper waterproof. So she started testing some of these so-called perfluorinated (全氟化的) chemicals. Strangely, the one that was supposed to do the best job didn't work at all. When she sprayed paper with it, water still soaked through. What went wrong?After some research,Sala de Medeiros found out that this chemical reacts with air. She had to buy more of the chemical and special equipment that would let her use it without any annoying air getting in the way. Now, the chemical works as planned. After getting sprayed, paper still feels like paper. But water beads up on its surface instead of soaking it through.

The next step was to add an electronic circuit. The team placed a stencil (模板) with the shape of a circuit onto the back of the paper. Then they sprayed several layers of materials on it.Two layers contained tiny nickel particles (鎳微粒).These act like wires to carry electricity through the circuit. The final layer was another coating of the Teflonlike chemical.Finally,the team flipped the paper over and printed a keypad of numbers on the other side. They also added a tiny Bluetooth chip. This let their paper device talk to a computer. The circuit needs a source of electricity. That comes from the tap of a finger.“When you're typing,we can use the energy,”said Sala de Medeiros.

Ⅰ. 閱讀自測(cè)

(一)信息提取

Structure What Who Why Information A（1） paper keypad（2）To fill the gap：（3）Step 1:（4）Process Step 2:（5）Step 3:（6）Step 4:（7）Function Evaluation（8）（9）

(二)能力提升

Ⅱ. 語(yǔ)言汲取

（一）科技成果介紹必備詞匯

1.產(chǎn)品介紹

device 設(shè)備

keypad 輔助鍵盤(pán)

electronic 電子的

coating 涂層

flexible 靈活的

circuit 電路；線路

power 驅(qū)動(dòng)

repel 驅(qū)逐

2.研發(fā)背景

low-cost 成本低的；價(jià)格便宜的

afford 買(mǎi)得起

focus on 關(guān)注；聚焦

eventually 最后；終于

turn...into...把……變成……

gap 空白；缺口；差距

material 材料

regular 常規(guī)的

3.研發(fā)過(guò)程

work on 從事

stick to 堅(jiān)持；粘住

chemical 化學(xué)的；化學(xué)制品

spray 噴灑

soak 浸泡

react 與……產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)

get in the way 擋住去路；妨礙

as planned 按照計(jì)劃

layer 層

flip（使）快速翻轉(zhuǎn)

tap 輕拍；輕敲

add...to...把……加入……

surface 表面

（二）精彩表達(dá)

1.Sala de Medeiros,an engineer at Purdue University in West Lafayette,Indiana,and her colleagues found a way to turn an ordinary sheet of paper into a simple electronic keypad. 印第安納州西拉法葉城普渡大學(xué)的工程師Sala de Medeiros，和她的同事們找到一個(gè)把普通紙張變成簡(jiǎn)易電子鍵盤(pán)的方法。

本句中，an engineer at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana 是同位語(yǔ)，to turn an ordinary sheet of paper into a simple electronic keypad 是way 的定語(yǔ)。

2. That would make it easier to eventually turn her idea into something most people could afford.這使得最終把大部分人都能買(mǎi)得起的東西這一想法更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)了。

本句使用了“make+形式賓語(yǔ)(it)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(easier)+真正的賓語(yǔ)(to turn...could afford)”結(jié)構(gòu)。

3. Strangely, the one that was supposed to do the best job didn't work at all. 奇怪的是，本來(lái)應(yīng)該很好用的東西卻沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)用了。

本句中，Strangely 是修飾主句的狀語(yǔ)，表達(dá)說(shuō)話者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度；that was supposed to do the best job是定語(yǔ)從句；at all與not連用可加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。

Ⅲ.句式仿寫(xiě)

1.張磊，我們科技隊(duì)的隊(duì)長(zhǎng)，找到了一個(gè)可以使黑板擦智能化的新方法。

Zhang Lei, _______________,found a new way _____________________.

2.這個(gè)新方法將使得多數(shù)學(xué)生們覺(jué)得閱讀難度較大的文章變得相對(duì)容易。

The new approach will ____________________articles most students find difficult.

3.奇怪的是，本來(lái)整整齊齊地?cái)[放在桌上的書(shū)現(xiàn)在全都不見(jiàn)了。

________,the books ___________________disappeared ________.

Ⅳ.寫(xiě)作實(shí)踐

近日，你校舉辦了“我愛(ài)發(fā)明”科技成果展，李華帶領(lǐng)的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)明的智能黑板擦榮獲一等獎(jiǎng)。請(qǐng)你寫(xiě)一篇相關(guān)報(bào)道向英語(yǔ)報(bào)社投稿，內(nèi)容包括：

1.簡(jiǎn)要介紹他們的發(fā)明及其創(chuàng)作過(guò)程；

2.你對(duì)該發(fā)明的看法。

注意：

1.詞數(shù)80左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

3.至少需要使用兩個(gè)本文中解析過(guò)的句式。

Traditional eraser becomes smart

____________________________

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評(píng)價(jià)導(dǎo)思

A self-assessment checklist for my reading 1.閱讀本文前，我認(rèn)真了解了科技成果類(lèi)說(shuō)明文的文體知識(shí)。□Yes □No 2.在閱讀過(guò)程中，我會(huì)借助彩色筆對(duì)該類(lèi)說(shuō)明文的基本要素做標(biāo)注。□Yes □No 3.在閱讀過(guò)程中，我會(huì)應(yīng)用“WPFAE”模式快速梳理文章。□Yes □No 4.這篇文章中我最喜歡的部分是 。□3W □Process □Function □Application □Evaluation 5.讀完這篇文章后，我對(duì)如何進(jìn)行科技成果類(lèi)說(shuō)明文的閱讀和寫(xiě)作有了較清楚的了解。□Yes □No 6.本次讀寫(xiě)活動(dòng)后，我會(huì)主動(dòng)了解發(fā)明家的創(chuàng)造發(fā)現(xiàn)并向他們學(xué)習(xí)解決問(wèn)題的實(shí)干精神和創(chuàng)新意識(shí)。□Yes □No 7.為了高效閱讀更多類(lèi)似的文本，我需要 。□加倍努力 □持之以恒 □堅(jiān)持目標(biāo) □形成高效的讀寫(xiě)策略