應曉霞 姜雪芹 上海市閔行三中

1.語言知識是英語學科核心素養的六要素之一,語法則是語言知識的重要組成部分。得體、準確地使用語法是中學語法教學的重點和難點。程曉堂(2013)認為,語法不是用來判斷語言學習正確與否的規則,而是用來表達各種意義的語言資料。LarsenFreeman(2005)認為,從語篇角度看待語法的作用比從句子層面看更完整、更清晰。教育部明確要求:學會在語境中理解和運用新的語法知識(《課程標準》2017)。語法教學應在單元主題引領下,基于語篇,幫助學生獲取、梳理、實踐、操練、整合語言知識和文化知識,創造性地運用語言知識表達思想。這給現行以講解為主,機械操練,效率低下的語法教學提出了巨大的挑戰。
2.新冠肺炎疫情迫使很多地區進行長期線上教學。很多老師感嘆:網課對學生的監管是鞭長莫及?。≡撊绾卧黾釉诰€教學的互動性,增加學生的學習參與率和參與度,改進教學成效反饋與補漏呢?
帶著這兩個問題,我們利用ClassIn 平臺工具,做了些有益探索。下面以高一英語上外版必修三unit 1Grammar in use分詞為例。
授課對象為英語水平居上海市中等的高一學生。單元主題是上外版必修三“人與社會”主題下的成功之路。Reading A 描繪了蘋果之父喬布斯親身經歷的故事,旨在照亮學生的人生路。Reading B 講述了屠呦呦艱難的抗瘧疾之路,讓學生體會成功之路的“非同尋?!薄1締卧恼Z法是分詞做賓補。在前兩個單元的學習中,學生已學過分詞做定語和狀語,做賓補的用法雖是本單元新知識,但在語篇中已多次接觸,較易理解。相反,對前單元的語法——分詞做定語和狀語理解不透徹,對總體結構框架不清晰,掌握不到位。二語習得理論認為,語言學習效果和輸入頻率緊密相關,頻率是語言習得的關鍵因素之一(Ellis,2002,轉引自孫韜,2016)。因此,本課聚焦分詞,但沒有聚焦分詞做賓補,而是在學生理解和初步運用分詞做賓補后,設計練習,搭建支架,讓學生在實踐中反復操練分詞做定語、狀語和補語,以期循環反復,螺旋式上升,最終能在真實語境中自如恰當地遷移新知識,培養英語學科的核心素養。
1.通過理解Reading A 及Steve Jobs 斯坦福畢業典禮演講完整視頻,能識別、理解和運用分詞做補語。
2.通過閱讀扎克伯格斯坦福畢業典禮演講稿,能在語篇中理解、感悟和運用分詞做賓補、狀語和定語。
3.通過線上當堂檢測,即刻反饋功能,加深理解,正確使用分詞做賓補、狀語和定語。
4.通過描述日常生活畫面和用分詞改寫日記,嘗試口頭、筆頭創造性地運用分詞。
5.通過學習Jobs的演講和補充視頻、扎克伯格的演講、屠呦呦的獲獎文章,感悟成功之路,提升思維品質,培養核心素養。
1.導入語法
活動一 感受Reading A Jobs 心路歷程,并用-ing或-ed 形式完成句子。
(1)Jobs felt himself ___________ when giving the speech.
(2)Jobs must have been upset when he heard himself______by Apple at the age of 30.
(3)The whole family were in deep sorrow when they found Jobs__________with cancer.
(4)Steve Jobs told us three stories to make himself_______.
Key:1.honored 2.fired 3.diagnosed 4.understood
目的:圍繞單元主題,創設情境,在語境中理解、體會、領悟分詞的含義和用法。
活動二 討論分詞在語境中的具體運用;探究什么情況用-ing;什么情況用-ed。
工具:搶答器;聊天互動,自動上臺,舉手上臺,點擊頭像上臺等功能。
目的:在語境中觀察、體驗、發現、理解分詞用法的八字口訣——-ing表示主動、進行;-ed表示被動、完成。
2.解析操練
活動一 體會Jobs視頻演講精神;用分詞完成根據視頻內容挖掘的句子。
(1)Being unable to support the baby,Job's biological mother had to had her baby boy ________(adopt)by someone who could afford him to college.(adopted)
(2)Finding the calligraphy ___________(fascinate),Steve Jobs devoted lots of time to it after he dropped from Reed college.(fascinating)
(3)The only thing that kept Jobs _______(go)was that he loved what he did.(going)
(4)With the surgery_____________(do),Jobs could return to his work happily.(done)
工具:小黑板(可縱覽全班答題進度,也可洞察個別學生詳情);自動上臺,舉手上臺;視頻墻。
目的:①圍繞主題,拓展挖掘,創設情境,操練所學語法;②利用當堂反饋,洞察學情,對癥下藥;③汲取榜樣力量,培養思維品質。
活動二 閱讀扎克伯格哈佛大學演講,用所給動詞的適當形式填空(The following passage is excerpted from Mark Zuckerberg's 2017 Harvard University commencement speech.)
I 1(honor)to be with you today,because let's face it,you accomplished something I never could.If I get through this speech,it'll be the first time I actually finish something at Harvard.
Today I want to talk about purpose.One of my favorite stories is when John F.Kennedy visited the NASA space center,he saw a guard 2(carry)a broom and he walked over and asked what he was doing .The guard responded:“Mr.President,I'm helping to put a man on the moon.”
Purpose is that sense that we are part of something bigger than ourselves,that we are needed,that we have something better ahead to work for.Purpose is what creates true happiness.
To keep our society 3(move)forward,we have a generational challenge — to not only create new jobs,but create a 4(renew)sense of purpose.Now it's our turn to do great things.I know,you're probably thinking:I don't know how to build a dam,or get a million people 5(involve)in anything.
But let me tell you a secret:no one does when they begin.Ideas don't come out fully 6(form).They only become clear as you work on them.You just have to get started.
Key:1.am honored 2.carrying 3.moving 4.renewed 5.Involved 6.formed
工具:線上分組討論,小組合作(教師可進入組內巡查,也可旁聽、指導);授權組長主持,組內黑板記錄;獎杯獎勵積極參與團隊、表現優異者。
目的:①創設語境,搭建支架,使語法學習“在用中學”“在學中用”;②培養思維品質,潛移默化育人。
3.鞏固提升
活動一 3~5 分鐘完成線上10 道分詞測試題。(謂語動詞和非謂語動詞的判斷,-ing&ed 做定語、狀語和賓補)。
(1)_____(put)your heart in whatever you do,and you will achieve your life goal in future.(Put)
(2)When ______(see)from the west bank of the river,the building looks so tall and grand.(Seen)
(3)But ________(disappoint)Scott found that Roald Amundsen had beaten him by one month.(disappointed)
(4)With the years __________(pass),his hair became gray.(passing)
工具:測試(即刻反饋班級得分率和個體學生錯誤詳情)、視頻墻、獎杯。
目的:引導學生關注細微之處的差異,幫助學生深化對分詞的理解和準確運用。教學實踐證明,將基于篇章層面和單句層次的任務相結合,能使學生在鞏固操練中更深刻領悟非謂語動詞的用法,再輔之以實際運用,能更好促進學生內化規律,牢固掌握所學語法。
活動二 釋疑典型錯題,聚焦疑點難點。引導學生探究歸納,澄清困惑,總結規律。
工具:授權“小老師“(授權后可行使老師功能);答題器(可統計全班答題正確率,明察個體答題詳情);搶答器、輪播上臺、舉手上臺、獎杯獎勵。
目的:①對施教者,“教是最好的學習”,對受教者,更會傾聽同伴講解;②引導學生對比,探究如何在具體情境中準確判斷主被動。
數據反饋第三題有問題。因為找不準判斷主被動的依據——其邏輯主語the building。引導學生比較,探究,發現并總結辨別主被動關系的規律:
a.分詞做狀語——主被動看其邏輯主語;
b.分詞做定語——主被動看所修飾的名詞;
c.分詞做補語——主被動看賓語。
4.綜合運用
活動一 妙手用分詞:呈現熟悉的生活場景(見圖1、圖2),嘗試活用。第一步呈現3 到5 個單句。第二步,把單句連成一個帶較多分詞的長句。

圖1

圖2
工具:聊天區搶答;線上文本多人協作;自動上臺;舉手上臺;搶答器。
目的:“情境中學,情境中用”,整合所學知識,實踐自主表達。
Eg 1 單句:The two students are looking at the flag attentively.
The two students are raising the flag.The flag is flying with the wind.They felt proud of our country.
連句:The two students raising the flag are looking at the flag flying with the wind attentively,feeling proud of our country.
Eg 2 單句:The girl student gives the teacher a flower.
The teacher is smiling.The teacher is entering the school gate.The girl student is dressed in school uniform.The flowers showed students'gratitude.
連句:The girl student dressed in school uniform gives the smiling teacher entering the school gate flowers,showing students'gratitude.
活動二 大家說日記:分解一篇日記的六幅圖(見圖3),運用分詞說話或寫句。

圖3
There is going to be a running test on Monday.It was Sunday today,so Wendy woke up at 7:00 to practice her running skills.
2.Wendy got up quickly,finishing her breakfast within 20 minutes.
3.Arriving at the riverside,she started to practice her running skills.
4.Wendy’s shoelaces loosened,stopping her from running forward.
5.Having tightened her shoelaces,she continued her practice.
6.Improving her running skills,Wendy felt very satisfied.
工具:搶答器、聊天互動、輪播上臺、舉手上臺。
目的:運用所學語法知識,進行口筆頭有效表達,為篇章習作鋪墊。
活動三 齊心寫日記:小組合作,運用分詞修改由六幅圖連接而成的日記。
June 7 Sunday Sunny
There is going to be a running test on Monday.It was Sunday today,so I woke up at 7:00,determined to practice my running skills.
I got up quickly,finishing my breakfast within 20 minutes.Arriving at the riverside,I started my practice happily with the mornign breeze refreshing me.At the beginning of the running,it didn't work very well for me.My shoelaces loosened,stopping me from running forward and almost making me fall.Though discouraged,I still wanted to perform well in the running test.With the shoelace tightened/Having tightened the shoelaces,I continued my practice,prepared for a hard drill.I spent half of the day practicing.I improved my running skills,satisfied./With my skills improved,I had a great sense of satisfication.Feeling the warm sunshine and the gentle breeze,I really enjoyed the progress made through my own efforts.
Working really hard on one thing,we are sure to achieve our goals.
工具:在線小組討論;教師進入組內指導,巡查,旁聽,視頻墻。
目的:先易后難,創設情境,創造性地應用分詞,進行知識遷移。
(1)閱讀屠呦呦獲獎文章,把畫線部分改成用分詞來表達。
目的:圍繞“成功之路”主題,創設情境,讓學生在真實語境中恰當地綜合運用分詞。潛移默化地滲透德育,培養思維品質。
(2)模仿課堂所學,運用分詞,以日記的形式寫一篇你印象深刻的體育運動經歷。要求:①寫出難忘的經歷;②困難和解決方式;③運用盡可能多的分詞;④你的感受。
工具:ClassIn 作業平臺;教師打等第,圈畫錯誤和精彩之處,展示分享優秀作業;還可加注口頭評語、表情、等第、獎杯等,使線上作業教師評語會“說話”。
目的:綜合運用所學知識,培養能力,提升核心素養。
實踐以來,我們的收獲主要有:
1.有效運用當堂反饋,吸住學生的“睛”。答題器、小測驗、小黑板的當堂反饋,這些優勢是線下教學所不可比擬的。即刻反饋既助力教師當堂對學情“了如指掌”,又讓興奮的學生唯恐落后,全情投入。
2.交互使用多種工具,提住學生的“心”。法寶一:上臺設置。設置每生不到4 分鐘上臺一次,每次停留2分鐘。法寶二:視頻墻。課前師生彼此給“big smile”,揮手道聲“hello”,溫馨進入課堂。課中,可通過視頻墻洞窺學生的一舉一動。發現有開小差的學生,點擊視頻墻下面的小人頭像,學生就直接上臺??捎行嵝褜W⒍容^弱的學生。法寶三:答題器“點名”,小黑板“點名”,獎杯排行榜“點名”(花名冊的點名看學生是否“掛”在線上,這三者可以點名學生是否“活躍”)。答題器的功能不僅僅看答題正確與否,還可給參與互動的學生頒獎,也可只給答對的學生頒獎。比如,查閱獎杯排行榜,發現有一名學生整節課沒有一個獎杯(有兩道題凡是參與的都有獎),說明該生上課不夠關注。課后進行適時溝通,交流。結果第二堂課他獲得了較多獎杯。小黑板的答題數據可保存,可查看哪些同學“人在心不在”。加之線上課堂討論、搶答器、多文本協作、計時器、隨機選人等功能,大大提高了在線教學的參與率和參與度,還原了一個生機勃勃的線下課堂。
3.圍繞單元主題,精選、挖掘、補充含有目標語法知識的篇章,在語境中呈現新語法知識,在語境中解析,操練,運用,創新,遷移?!癓earn by communication;learn in communication;learn for communication.”這一模式突出了學生的主體地位,在學習知識的同時,也促進了學生語言能力、文化意識、思維品質和學習能力的融合發展。
結束語:語法教學應在單元主題引領下,基于語篇,圍繞“形式—意義—用法”,引領學生在語境中觀察、理解所學語法知識,在語境中應用實踐所學語法知識,逐步加深理解,逐步內化,不斷加強準確、恰當地使用所學知識,實現知識的創新和遷移,培養學生的學科核心素養。