[摘要] 目的 肌肉減少癥(肌少癥)是結(jié)直腸癌病人的并發(fā)癥之一,與多種疾病不良結(jié)局密切相關(guān)。本文就結(jié)直腸癌病人肌少癥的定義、發(fā)病機制、影響因素及干預(yù)措施進行綜述,旨在為預(yù)防和干預(yù)結(jié)直腸癌并發(fā)肌少癥提供借鑒。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肌減少癥;結(jié)直腸腫瘤;綜述
[中圖分類號] R746.4;R735.34
[文獻標志碼] A
[文章編號] 2096-5532(2023)01-0151-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.026
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20230303.0854.001.html;2023-03-03 15:41:41
RESEARCH ADVANCES IN SARCOPENIA IN PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER
ZHANG Ying, SUN Shufeng, ZHU Yongjian
(School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China)
; [ABSTRACT] "Sarcopenia is one of the complications in patients with colorectal cancer, and is closely associated with a variety of adverse outcomes. This paper reviews the definition, pathogenesis, influencing factors, and intervention measures of sarcopenia in patients with colorectal cancer, aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and intervention of sarcopenia in patients with colorectal cancer.
[KEY WORDS] "sarcopenia; colorectal neoplasms; review
肌少癥是以骨骼肌質(zhì)量減少、力量和功能降低為主要特征的一種退行性綜合征[1]。因腫瘤病人常合并厭食、營養(yǎng)不良及全身炎癥反應(yīng),機體蛋白質(zhì)合成和降解失衡,使機體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦叻纸夂偷秃铣纱x狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致肌少癥的發(fā)生。而結(jié)直腸癌病人由于消化吸收不良,較一般腫瘤更易發(fā)生肌少癥。研究表明,結(jié)直腸癌病人肌少癥的患病率為12%~71%[2]。肌少癥不僅會增加結(jié)直腸癌病人住院時間、術(shù)后感染發(fā)生率,還會降低病人的遠期預(yù)后[3-4]。本文主要對結(jié)直腸癌病人肌少癥的定義、發(fā)病機制、影響因素及干預(yù)措施進行綜述,從而為結(jié)直腸癌并發(fā)肌少癥的防治提供依據(jù)。
1 肌少癥的定義
肌少癥于1989年由ROSENBERG首次提出,泛指與年齡相關(guān)的肌量損失和肌力下降[5]。2010年歐洲老年人肌少癥工作組(EWGSOP)進一步將肌少癥定義為:一種進行性、廣泛性的骨骼肌質(zhì)量及力量下降,以及由此導(dǎo)致的身體殘疾、生活質(zhì)量下降及死亡等不良后果的綜合征[6]。
2 結(jié)直腸癌相關(guān)肌少癥的發(fā)病機制
2.1 全身性炎癥
腫瘤可導(dǎo)致全身性炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,當機體發(fā)生炎癥反應(yīng)時會釋放促炎細胞因子,如白細胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細胞介素-6(IL-6)等,這些促炎細胞因子過多地積累在骨骼肌中,就會發(fā)生肌肉萎縮,導(dǎo)致肌少癥的發(fā)生[7]。SCHEEDE-BERGDAHL等[8]檢測晚期癌癥病人的C反應(yīng)蛋白和促炎細胞因子(IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α),結(jié)合癌癥的不同臨床特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)高水平的TNF-α和IL-1β與肌少癥的發(fā)生顯著相關(guān),肌少癥的發(fā)生與IL-6水平呈正相關(guān)趨勢。一項針對結(jié)直腸癌的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),病人的炎癥指標越高,患有肌少癥的風(fēng)險就越大[9]。
2.2 蛋白質(zhì)合成與分解失衡
身體能量的過度消耗是發(fā)生肌少癥的重要因素。人體在腫瘤狀態(tài)下,骨骼肌細胞內(nèi)的蛋白質(zhì)分解系統(tǒng)處于激活狀態(tài),這與泛素-蛋白酶體系統(tǒng)(UPS)和鈣蛋白酶有密切關(guān)系。有研究顯示,癌癥病人肌肉中UPS的肌肉特異性E3泛素連接酶表達增加,致使肌肉蛋白質(zhì)分解,促進肌肉的萎縮[10]。鈣蛋白酶依賴性的肌絲斷裂是肌絲降解的第一步,在肌肉萎縮中起關(guān)鍵作用,有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤病人肌肉中鈣蛋白酶表達增加,促進腫瘤相關(guān)的肌肉丟失,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)抑制鈣蛋白酶的活性可以減少肌肉丟失[11]。
2.3 自噬
自噬是細胞分解不必要或功能失調(diào)的細胞器的正常生理過程。在癌癥病人中,腫瘤細胞可利用自噬作用使自身在營養(yǎng)缺乏的環(huán)境中得以存活[12]。自噬在肌肉的動態(tài)平衡中起著重要的作用。FOXO轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族通過多種不同的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑參與細胞周期停滯、細胞凋亡等免疫相關(guān)調(diào)節(jié),誘導(dǎo)增加肌肉自噬降解的基因表達,從而導(dǎo)致肌少癥的發(fā)生[13]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),癌癥小鼠的肌肉自噬會加劇肌肉萎縮,這被認為與激活有絲分裂和線粒體功能受損有關(guān)[14]。
2.4 腸道菌群及其代謝物
有研究結(jié)果顯示,在結(jié)直腸癌病人的腫瘤組織中可以檢測出較高含量的核梭菌、大腸埃希菌和消化鏈球菌菌種,而所謂的保護性菌屬包括羅氏菌、梭菌和雙歧桿菌在內(nèi)的細菌數(shù)量明顯減少[15]。乳酸雙歧桿菌參與腸道內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)分解為氨基酸的過程,產(chǎn)生短鏈脂肪酸(SCFAs)用于能量生產(chǎn),刺激胰島素生長因子-1(IGF1)/mTOR通路,促進肌肉蛋白合成相關(guān)基因的表達,而極小鏈球菌和瘤胃球菌的增加會導(dǎo)致肌肉損傷[16]。VARIAN等[17]研究顯示,通過上調(diào)Forkhead Box N1 (FoxN1)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,給癌癥小鼠模型注射羅伊乳桿菌可以抑制肌少癥的發(fā)生。
3 結(jié)直腸癌病人發(fā)生肌少癥的危險因素
3.1 年齡
肌少癥泛指一種與年齡相關(guān)的肌肉質(zhì)量和肌肉功能減退的綜合征。隨著年齡的增加,肌肉質(zhì)量和功能都會有不同程度的衰減。BROUGHMAN等[18]調(diào)查了老年結(jié)直腸癌病人肌少癥的患病狀況,結(jié)果顯示有57.5%的病人并發(fā)肌少癥,這表明肌少癥在老年結(jié)直腸癌病人中較為普遍。結(jié)直腸癌會引起全身炎癥反應(yīng),引發(fā)厭食、新陳代謝、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的一系列改變,從而激活肌肉蛋白質(zhì)分解,導(dǎo)致肌少癥的發(fā)生;而老年人體內(nèi)的促炎細胞因子較正常水平高,所以會加速肌肉蛋白質(zhì)分解,成為肌少癥發(fā)生的誘因。
3.2 性別
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),性別與肌少癥之間也存在著一定的關(guān)聯(lián)。XIAO等[19]對3 262例結(jié)直腸癌病人調(diào)查顯示,與男性病人相比,女性病人發(fā)生肌少癥的可能性低。另有研究利用雙能X線吸收法測定(DXA)對493例癌癥病人進行肌少癥的診斷,結(jié)果顯示肌少癥的患病率為11.2%,其中男性為30.1%,女性為0.6% [20]。提示男性人群可能更易患肌少癥。
3.3 病理分期
結(jié)直腸癌的病理分期在一定程度上影響肌少癥的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。 XIAO等[19]調(diào)查結(jié)直腸癌病人的醫(yī)學(xué)和人口學(xué)特征與肌少癥的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)與Ⅰ期病人相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ期結(jié)直腸癌病人發(fā)生肌少癥的可能性更高。因此,需要對腫瘤病理分期較晚的結(jié)直腸癌病人盡早進行營養(yǎng)以及運動的干預(yù),從而延緩肌少癥的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。
3.4 營養(yǎng)狀況
結(jié)直腸癌病人由于疾病本身的特點,蛋白質(zhì)的攝入量減少、消耗增多,增加了肌少癥的發(fā)生率。一些膳食中蛋白質(zhì)來源的化合物已被證明在肌肉的合成代謝中具有特定的作用,例如支鏈氨基酸能夠增加蛋白質(zhì)合成和凈平衡,而補充亮氨酸、異亮氨酸和纈氨酸可促進肌肉蛋白質(zhì)合成,減緩肌肉損失[21]。GILLIS等[22]研究顯示,乳清蛋白營養(yǎng)支持可顯著改善結(jié)直腸癌圍手術(shù)期病人的步行能力和機體的恢復(fù)。體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)是評價成人群體營養(yǎng)狀況的常用指標。VASHI等[23]研究顯示,并發(fā)肌少癥的結(jié)直腸癌病人BMI普遍低于未并發(fā)肌少癥的病人。SOUZA等[24]對結(jié)直腸癌病人發(fā)生肌少癥的影響因素進行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在控制潛在混雜因素的多因素模型中,BMI是肌少癥的獨立預(yù)測因子。另有研究顯示,維生素 D 可通過穩(wěn)定血鈣、血磷水平間接作用于骨骼肌,從而保持其正常的肌肉功能[25]。我國抗癌協(xié)會腫瘤營養(yǎng)治療指南將補充維生素 D 作為肌少癥聯(lián)合治療措施的 A 類推薦[26]。
3.5 體力活動缺乏
體力活動減少是肌少癥的影響因素。結(jié)直腸癌病人由于腫瘤的消耗作用,其體力活動明顯低于正常人。FOONG等[27]用原始加速度計對老年人的活動強度進行分析,結(jié)果顯示體力活動與瘦肉質(zhì)量百分比和下肢力量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,表明較強的體力活動可以增加肌肉質(zhì)量。抗阻運動是一種能夠顯著提高肌肉質(zhì)量和力量的運動方式,BINDER等[28]研究顯示,漸進式抗阻訓(xùn)練可以有效提高老年人的肌肉質(zhì)量和力量。
3.6 其他因素
GABAT等[29]對164例病人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),吸煙和飲酒均為肌少癥的重要預(yù)測因素。DERKSEN等[30]對300例結(jié)直腸癌病人研究顯示,吸煙的結(jié)直腸癌病人的骨骼肌指數(shù)明顯低于不吸煙者。還有研究顯示,性激素在維持骨骼肌肉穩(wěn)態(tài)方面起著重要的作用,肌少癥在男性中比較常見,而性腺功能低下是男性發(fā)生肌少癥的一個重要因素[31]。睪酮是一種有效的合成代謝因子,通過雄激素受體信號促進蛋白質(zhì)合成和肌肉再生[32]。
4 肌少癥對結(jié)直腸癌的影響
肌少癥對結(jié)直腸癌病人術(shù)后的結(jié)局有很大的影響。師立鵬[33]研究顯示,399例結(jié)直腸癌病人中有284例合并肌少癥,肌少癥組病人術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率明顯高于非肌少癥組(39.3% vs 28.7%)。LIEFFERS等[3]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)直腸癌并發(fā)肌少癥的病人住院時間長,術(shù)后感染發(fā)生率高,術(shù)后康復(fù)治療需求大,且上述差異在65歲以上人群更顯著。
SUEDA等[34]隨訪了211例結(jié)直腸癌病人,發(fā)現(xiàn)肌少癥會影響病人的特異性生存期、總生存期和無病生存期;此外,與非肌少癥組相比,肌少癥組Ⅲ期結(jié)直腸癌病人的5年無病生存期顯著縮短。因此,預(yù)防和改善肌少癥是治療結(jié)直腸癌的關(guān)鍵。
5 治療
5.1 營養(yǎng)干預(yù)
營養(yǎng)干預(yù)能夠在一定程度上提高結(jié)直腸癌病人的生活質(zhì)量,因此,很多研究者認為營養(yǎng)干預(yù),特別是增加病人機體蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸的攝入,對肌少癥的預(yù)防甚至治療有一定的作用[35]。ZDZIEBLIK等[36]研究顯示,給予結(jié)直腸癌病人營養(yǎng)干預(yù)(15 g/d膠原肽),可以使病人的肌肉力量得到明顯的提升。TAN等[37]調(diào)查口服營養(yǎng)制劑對結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后有營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險病人的影響,結(jié)果顯示使用營養(yǎng)制劑的結(jié)直腸癌病人(試驗組)的骨骼肌肌肉指數(shù)明顯高于正常飲食的病人(對照組),且試驗組肌少癥的發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組。
5.2 運動干預(yù)
運動干預(yù)可以明顯提高病人的肌肉力量和質(zhì)量。運動干預(yù)包括有氧運動和抗阻運動。
有氧運動可以提高心肺耐力,改善心血管和肺的功能。已有研究證實,有氧運動可以維持肌肉質(zhì)量[38-39]。MOUG等[40]對44例直腸癌病人進行隨機分組,試驗組給予13~17周電話引導(dǎo)步行計劃,結(jié)果顯示有65%的病人肌肉質(zhì)量得到了明顯提高;而只進行常規(guī)護理的病人(對照組)有67%肌肉質(zhì)量大大下降。另有研究顯示,有氧訓(xùn)練對腫瘤病人有利,尤其是對體質(zhì)量超標的病人,可減少多余的脂肪,但是在增加肌肉質(zhì)量和力量方面不如抗阻訓(xùn)練[39]。
抗阻運動是肌肉克服外來阻力時進行的一種主動運動,因為外部的阻力可以造成肌肉收縮,所以訓(xùn)練后可以增長肌肉密度、強度和持久度。抗阻運動可以有效延緩肌少癥的發(fā)展。DOLIN等[41]以100例結(jié)直腸癌病人為研究對象進行隨機分組對照研究,結(jié)果顯示,給予術(shù)前和術(shù)后阻力鍛煉計劃12周后病人的肌肉力量得到了明顯的提升。
5.3 營養(yǎng)與運動聯(lián)合干預(yù)
癌癥病人營養(yǎng)指南建議對肌少癥病人進行營養(yǎng)與運動聯(lián)合干預(yù)[42]。LI等[43]研究顯示,給予結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后病人營養(yǎng)和運動聯(lián)合干預(yù),可以有效延緩肌少癥的發(fā)展。澳大利亞臨床腫瘤學(xué)會關(guān)于癌癥相關(guān)營養(yǎng)不良和肌肉減少的立場聲明提到,所有與癌癥相關(guān)的肌少癥病人均應(yīng)進行營養(yǎng)治療、有針對性的運動和體力活動,為了使營養(yǎng)治療達到最佳效果,需要與運動干預(yù)同時進行[44]。
6 小結(jié)與展望
結(jié)直腸癌與肌少癥關(guān)系密切,肌少癥會影響結(jié)直腸癌病人的治療效果,將肌少癥納入結(jié)直腸癌病人治療前的臨床評估具有重要意義。目前,許多研究在發(fā)病機制、干預(yù)措施方面存在著異質(zhì)性,未來需要更多的研究去解決這些問題,減少結(jié)直腸癌病人肌少癥的發(fā)生,改善預(yù)后。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))