








摘要:吡啶及其衍生物已廣泛應用于農(nóng)藥化學、藥物化學和材料化學等領(lǐng)域.其中,二氟/三氟甲基吡啶衍生物因其獨特的生物活性,在近年來的農(nóng)化和藥化研究中備受關(guān)注.介紹以合成砌塊構(gòu)筑方法為主的二氟/三氟甲基吡啶化合物的合成反應研究,利于研究人員更好地了解氟代吡啶的合成背景,并設(shè)計出新的合成方法.
關(guān)鍵詞:氟化試劑;合成砌塊;吡啶;二氟甲基化;三氟甲基化
中圖分類號:O621.3 文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:2095-6991(2023)01-0089-08
Abstract:Pyridines and its derivatives are a privileged class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles applied in fields of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and functional materials. Among its derivatives, di/trifluoromethylpyridines have attracted much attention in recent agrochemical and medicinal studies because of their unique biological activities. This review gives a brief summary on the synthesis of di/trifluoromethylpyridines by method of building blocks. The aim is to provide researchers with a convenient route to touch this topic and design new methods.
Key words:fluorination reagents; building blocks; pyridines; difluorination; trifluorination
0 引言
自Korner(1869年)和Dewar(1871年)確定了吡啶環(huán)的結(jié)構(gòu)以來,吡啶及其衍生物作為一類獨特的含氮雜環(huán)化合物,也是研究最多的雜環(huán)芳烴之一.同時,吡啶及其衍生物已被應用在不同的化學領(lǐng)域.在配位化學中,吡啶因其結(jié)構(gòu)中的氮原子,可作為螯合金屬離子的N-配體[1-4],也可作為高效的有機金屬催化劑[5].吡啶類化合物在材料化學和超分子化學等領(lǐng)域同樣也取得了不錯的研究成果[6].其次,吡啶類化合物因其特殊的生物活性而吸引了科學家的研究興趣.吡啶結(jié)構(gòu)單元多存在于倍半萜、生物堿和多肽等復雜天然活性分子中.同時,含有吡啶結(jié)構(gòu)單元的藥物分子往往具有良好的藥用價值和廣泛的藥理功效,且已有62種含吡啶結(jié)構(gòu)單元的藥物分子作為臨床或上市藥物[7-8].在農(nóng)用化學品方面,含有吡啶結(jié)構(gòu)單元的農(nóng)藥分子具有對環(huán)境友好且選擇性高等特點,常用作除草劑、殺菌劑和殺蟲劑等[9].
二氟甲基吡啶和三氟甲基吡啶衍生物作為含氟類化合物,體現(xiàn)出較強的生物活性,將含氟基團引入有機分子中,可顯著地增強分子的代謝穩(wěn)定性、親油性、親脂性和膜透性,被廣泛應用于藥物和農(nóng)用化學品的合成中[10-13].本文對近年來二氟/三氟甲基吡啶類化合物合成反應進行總結(jié),主要介紹含氟合成砌塊在構(gòu)筑二氟/三氟甲基吡啶類化合物的應用研究.
1 二氟甲基吡啶衍生物的合成研究
在眾多的含氟基團中,二氟甲基(CF2H)基團已被證明在藥物研發(fā)和設(shè)計中起到不可或缺的作用,其原因是二氟甲基基團可以看做甲氧基、巰基、酰胺和胺基等基團的等效體[14],也是生物體中良好的氫鍵供體[15-17].因此,引入二氟甲基的方法被不斷地開發(fā)出來[18-20].同時,大多數(shù)二氟甲基吡啶衍生物已被用于農(nóng)藥及醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域[21-23].例如,Thizopy和Dithiopy(圖1)是一類市售的除草劑;二氟甲基胺基吡啶衍生物被用于皮膚病的治療.
傳統(tǒng)制備二氟甲基吡啶的方法,是由SF4或DAST及其衍生物對吡啶甲醛的脫氧氟化反應[24-26].然而,該方法會使用有毒、具有腐蝕性的氟化試劑,反應條件苛刻,底物范圍受限,極大地限制了這些試劑在二氟甲基吡啶衍生物制備中的
應用.隨著氟化試劑的發(fā)展,大多數(shù)二氟甲基試劑,如BrCHF2[27]、RMCHF2 (M=Sn,Zn,Ag)[28-31]、TMSCF2X (X=H,COOEt)[32-33]、CHF2COOH[34]、(CHF2SO2)2Zn[35]已被用于二氟甲基吡啶的合成中,這些合成方法使二氟甲基吡啶及其衍生物的制備取得了很大的進展.
此外,利用含氟甲基合成砌塊是制備二氟甲基吡啶的另一種重要的方法.1997年Shibata K.課題組以三氟甲基酮衍生物為合成砌塊,與β-胺基酯在DBU/哌嗪的作用下,通過脫氟反應以高收率制備了多取代的二氟甲基吡啶衍生物[36](圖2).
2018年李興偉課題組實現(xiàn)了4-二氟甲基吡啶衍生物的多樣性合成.該反應選取三氟甲基查爾酮為含氟合成砌塊,在亞銅鹽的用下與酮肟,形成4-三氟甲基二氫吡啶衍生物,并在叔丁醇鉀的作用下發(fā)生脫氟反應得到目標產(chǎn)物[37](圖3).
前面論述的制備方法均是利用三氟甲基合成砌塊得到三氟甲基二氫吡啶衍生物,隨后在堿的作用下,發(fā)生脫氟反應,制備得到相應的二氟甲基吡啶化合物.然而,使用二氟甲基合成砌塊來構(gòu)筑二氟甲基吡啶化合物的研究開展較晚.2014年,Desrosiers課題組選擇二氟乙酸為合成砌塊,通過多步的de novo反應合成了2-二氟甲基吡啶酯類化合物[38](圖4).
在有機合成中,α,β-炔酮類化合物常用于構(gòu)筑雜環(huán)化合物的合成砌塊[38].2021年,胡雨來課題組選擇二氟甲基-α,β-炔酮為二氟甲基合成砌塊,通過Bohlmann-Rahtz反應實現(xiàn)了多取代的6-二氟甲基吡啶衍生物,并且吡啶衍生物通過后官能團化制備得到具有潛在生物活性的二氟甲基芴類衍生物[39],圖5為二氟甲基炔酮作為合成砌塊制備二氟甲基吡啶的反應.
2 三氟甲基吡啶衍生物的合成研究
在有機合成化學和藥物研發(fā)中,具有廣泛生物活性的藥物分子的設(shè)計、合成和評價是研究人員不斷努力的目標.活性片段作為化學藥物結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵組成部分,已被廣泛應用于藥物衍生化、農(nóng)藥產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新、靶標化合物設(shè)計和結(jié)構(gòu)-生物活性關(guān)系表征等領(lǐng)域,而且生物活性片段的識別和利用對于探索新藥結(jié)構(gòu)、優(yōu)化藥物療效、降低研發(fā)成本具有重要意義[40].
近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),具有特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的三氟甲基吡啶衍生物體現(xiàn)出良好的除草、抗菌和殺蟲等廣泛的生物活性,常被作為創(chuàng)新農(nóng)藥合成的活性片段[41].同時,部分三氟甲基吡啶衍生物作為藥物已用于臨床研究[42-45].Tripanavir,NVP-BKM120和Bitopertin已在臨床二期使用(圖6).
基于三氟甲基吡啶衍生物在農(nóng)藥化學中的重要性,開發(fā)簡便高效的構(gòu)筑三氟甲基衍生物的方法是很有必要的.早期,三氟甲基吡啶的合成方法是利用氟氯交換[46].該方法是第一例實現(xiàn)三氟甲基吡啶合成方法,需要使用有毒的氯氣和腐蝕性強的氟化氫,反應條件苛刻且對反應設(shè)備要求較高.利用三氟甲基試劑對吡啶環(huán)的直接三氟甲基化是行之有效的.其中常見的三氟甲基化試劑主要有TMSCF3[47-48]、CuCF3[49]、CF3SO2Cl[50]、Tongi試劑[51]、Langlois試劑[52]和CF3COOH[53].
三氟甲基吡啶衍生物的構(gòu)筑也可通過三氟甲基合成砌塊實現(xiàn).其中,三氟甲基烯酮醚因其制備簡便、反應活性高等特點,已被用于多類含氟吡啶類農(nóng)化產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)中[46](圖7).
查爾酮類衍生物本身具有良好的藥物活性,可用于癌癥及腫瘤的治療[54].同時,其在有機合成中也受到了極大關(guān)注.三氟甲基查爾酮是一類經(jīng)典構(gòu)建三氟甲基化合物的合成砌塊.李興偉課題組和白大昌課題組利用銅催化下肟酯的[3+3]環(huán)加成反應,分別制備了4-三氟甲基取代和4-五氟乙基取代的吡啶類化合物,反應具有較好的底物適用性以及優(yōu)異的區(qū)域選擇性[37,55](圖8).
三氟乙酰丙酮是重要的有機合成中間體,由于其在結(jié)構(gòu)和生物學上獨特的性質(zhì),使其在有機化學、分析化學、配位化學、材料化學和生物化學中有著重要作用[56].同時,三氟乙酰丙酮類衍生物也可用于三氟甲基吡啶類化合物的構(gòu)建.反應過程通過不同的氮源,可實現(xiàn)4-三氟甲基或6-三氟甲基吡啶的合成[57-61](圖9).
三氟乙酸在有機合成中常作為基團的保護/脫保護的試劑、反應的脫水劑及環(huán)化反應的催化劑等[62].早期,姜標課題組[63]選用三氟乙酸乙酯作為含氟砌塊,通過多步反應實現(xiàn)了4-三氟甲基吡啶的合成,且該化合物也是轉(zhuǎn)換為其他類型三氟甲基吡啶的精細化產(chǎn)品的起始原料(圖10).
最近,翁志強課題組[64-66]利用三氟乙酸酐及衍生物作為含氟合成砌塊,實現(xiàn)了多類含氟以及三氟甲基化合物的構(gòu)建.在這一系列的研究中,該課題組利用商業(yè)易得氟代乙酸酐作為含氟砌塊,實現(xiàn)了4-氟代吡啶衍生物構(gòu)筑.該制備反應條件溫和,底物的官能團耐受性高等特點[67](圖11).
α,β-炔酮也是構(gòu)建吡啶類衍生物的重要合成砌塊[68-69].三氟甲基炔酮也常被應用于吡唑、喹啉和嘧啶等雜環(huán)化合物的構(gòu)建[70].胡雨來課題組[71]擴展了三氟甲基炔酮的應用范圍,通過Bohlmann-Rahtz環(huán)化反應實現(xiàn)了三氟甲基吡啶衍生物的構(gòu)建,且相應的三氟甲基吡啶化合物通過后續(xù)的官能團化,可轉(zhuǎn)化為三氟甲基芴酮衍生物(圖12).
3 結(jié)語
隨著二氟/三氟吡啶衍生物的生物活性的研究不斷推進,高效且簡便制備含氟吡啶類化合物的方法也將不斷地推陳出新.但二氟/三氟吡啶衍生物的制備方法中仍面臨著挑戰(zhàn):①更加溫和、綠色且高效的制備反應的開發(fā);②具有多官能團化的二氟/三氟吡啶衍生物的制備,以及手性含氟吡啶的制備反應研究;③實現(xiàn)含氟砌塊在氟代吡啶類精細化工品生產(chǎn)中的應用.相信在不遠的將來,會有更多的二氟/三氟吡啶衍生物將走進我們的生活中,這將加速有機氟化學及氟化工業(yè)的發(fā)展.
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[責任編輯:紀彩虹]
基金項目:甘肅省高等學校創(chuàng)新基金項目(2020B-253);甘肅省自然科學基金項目(20JR10RA144);國家大學生創(chuàng)新項目(202111562004);甘肅省大學生創(chuàng)新項目(S202111562012, S202111562011)
作者簡介:楊天宇(1990-),男,遼寧沈陽人,講師,博士,研究方向:有機氟化學、稀土發(fā)光材料.E-mail:maxli101@sina.com.