魏智浩 徐依然 宋宗爽 趙文柳 譚熠臻 吳昊 李云
【摘要】? 心腦血管疾?。╟ardiovascular disease,CVD)是常見的慢性非傳染性疾?。òü谛牟 ⒛X卒中等)及疾病經濟負擔較重的疾病,也是全球范圍內主要死亡原因之一。通過敘述發現代謝功能障礙相關性脂肪肝病(MAFLD)與動脈粥樣硬化、心腦血管疾病和全因死亡等關系的研究進展。MAFLD是CVD的獨立危險因素,可能通過全身炎癥、氧化應激和胰島素抵抗等機制促進心血管疾病的發生。
【關鍵詞】? 代謝功能障礙相關性脂肪肝??;非酒精性脂肪性肝??;死亡率;心血管疾病
中圖分類號? R575;R54? ? 文獻標識碼? A? ? 文章編號? 1671-0223(2023)11--03
心腦血管疾?。╟ardiovascular disease,CVD)是常見的慢性非傳染性疾病(包括冠心病、腦卒中等)及疾病經濟負擔較重的疾病,也是全球范圍內主要死亡原因之一[1-3]。1990—2019年全球CVD患病人數從2.71億增加到5.23億人;因CVD死亡從1.77千萬增加到3.44千萬人,翻了一倍[4]。近年來許多研究探討了CVD的影響因素,但其發病原因仍不完全清楚,發病率仍呈上升趨勢。因而,尋找其他潛在影響因素是CVD防治的重點。
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是全球最常見的肝病,全球和亞洲患病率分別為25.2%[5]和29.6%[6]。以往證據表明,NAFLD與心血管疾病的發病風險的增加有關[7]。然而,為了更好地了解脂肪肝,國際上最近提出臨床使用代謝功能障礙相關性脂肪肝?。╩etabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)代替非酒精性脂肪肝以強調脂肪肝病與代謝功能障礙的致病關聯[8]。有研究發現,MAFLD獨立增加心肌梗死、腦卒中的發病風險[9],是CVD風險增加的危險因素。然而,目前尚未有研究對MAFLD的進展與心血管疾病發病風險之間的關系進行報道。
1? MAFLD與心血管疾病危險因素的研究進展
1.1? MAFLD與動脈粥樣硬化關系的研究進展
一項于上海市社區進行的橫斷面研究[10],共納入6232名40歲以上的參與者,研究發現MAFLD的進展與頸動脈粥樣硬化的長期風險之間存在較強的關聯,與非MAFLD組相比,隨訪時進展為MAFLD的參與者發生頸動脈內膜-中層厚度升高的風險增加了1.356倍(OR=1.356,95%CI=1.134~1.620);此外,超聲檢查證實的MAFLD的消退或改善與頸動脈粥樣硬化發展的風險降低相關,與MAFLD穩定組相比,在隨訪中恢復為非MAFLD的參與者發生頸動脈內膜-中層厚度升高的風險降低了29.4%(OR=0.706,95%CI=0.507~0.984),臂踝脈搏波傳導速度升高的風險降低43.1%(OR=0.569,95%CI=0.340~0.950)。
1.2? MAFLD與心臟結構異常關系的研究進展
有研究表明,MAFLD患者與心臟結構異常有關[11-12]。此外,一項針對2356名參與者的心臟研究顯示[13],肝臟脂肪與左室質量、左室壁厚度、質量體積比、二尖瓣峰值速度和左室充盈壓力呈正相關。我國一項研究[14]通過受控衰減參數的瞬時彈性成像評估了228名參與者的肝脂肪變性程度,與正常組相比,MAFLD組的左心室舒張功能障礙更為普遍,超重亞組和糖尿病亞組與心臟重塑跡象顯著相關。中度至重度脂肪變性患者的左心室舒張功能障礙和心臟重塑風險更高。
1.3? MAFLD與心腦血管疾病關系的研究進展
CVD是全球最常見的非傳染性疾病,每年因CVD死亡的人數約占所有死亡人數的30%。然而,MAFLD與心血管疾病之間的關系尚存在爭議[15-16]。韓國一項隊列研究[17]發現MAFLD人群與后續CVD的發病風險之間未存在關聯。同樣,日本的一項回顧性研究[18]發現MAFLD對CVD的影響與糖尿病等代謝障礙類型有關;在沒有2型糖尿病的情況下,MAFLD組增加了CVD的風險(HR=1.41,95%CI=1.28~1.57);對于2型糖尿病患者,MAFLD組卻未能增加CVD的風險(HR=1.08,95%CI=0.84~1.38)。然而,韓國的一項研究結果卻與之相悖,此項研究共納入了8962813名參與者,以非MAFLD組為對照,MAFLD使CVD發病風險增加了1.52倍(HR=1.52,95%CI=1.51~1.54)[9]。同樣,在我國上海泥城鎮[19]、新疆喀什地區[20]和風濕病人群[21]中進行的研究,均發現MAFLD增加了CVD的發病風險。
2? MAFLD與全因死亡率、心血管死亡率關系的研究進展
盡管大量研究表明NAFLD患者的心血管死亡率增加,但MAFLD對死亡率[11-12,22-23]及CVD相關死亡率[17,24-25]的獨立貢獻仍存在爭議。一項基于唐山開灤地區的隊列研究[26],共招募了152139名腹部超聲檢查參與者,中位隨訪12.7年后,發現MAFLD與死亡率增加有關,尤其是在<40歲的男性中(HR=1.51,95%CI=1.19~1.93)。同樣,Kim等[27]研究了MAFLD對美國成年人全因和特定原因死亡率的影響,發現MAFLD與全因死亡率風險增加相關(HR=1.17,95%CI=1.04~1.32),但MAFLD與心血管死亡風險沒有聯系(HR=0.95,95%CI=0.75~1.21)。然而,LEE等[9]在韓國健康篩查數據庫中,共納入8962813名符合條件的40~64歲參與者進行隊列研究發現,MAFLD組使CVD死亡風險增加了1.46倍(HR=1.46,95%CI=1.41~1.52)。
3? MAFLD導致心血管疾病發病的機制
MAFLD增加CVD風險的潛在機制有多種,例如全身炎癥、氧化應激、肝胰島素抵抗、血小板活化、內皮功能障礙和高血壓等[10,28-37]。MAFLD和胰島素抵抗之間的相互作用增加了極低密度脂蛋白顆粒和甘油三酯的水平,導致胰島素受體功能障礙,從而動員肝臟脂肪組織轉運到外周組織,增加CVD的風險[38]。除胰島素抵抗外,MAFLD和CVD之間復雜的潛在機制包括內皮功能障礙和炎癥通路的激活[39];MAFLD患者的促炎狀態和氧化應激增加可導致內皮功能障礙并誘導血管炎癥,從而促進動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的形成。所有上述機制都可導致心臟結構和舒張功能障礙的變化[40]。此外,患有MAFLD的個體表現出內皮功能障礙,肱動脈內皮血流介導的血管舒張作用顯著降低[29]。
4? 結論
CVD仍是全球范圍內一個日益嚴重的重大公共衛生問題,由于治療的改善和人群預期壽命的延長,患病率仍將上升,進而導致醫療費用的增加。廣泛探索潛在的危險因素將有助于減輕CVD的疾病負擔,目前,MAFLD與心肌梗死、腦卒中等CVD疾病之間的關系已經得到了廣泛驗證,MAFLD是CVD的獨立風險因素。但MAFLD的進展及消退與心血管疾病的關系仍需進一步驗證。通過對MAFLD危險因素及其代謝功能障礙與CVD關系進行研究,將有助于精準對重點人群進行干預,提高大眾對心力衰竭及其危險因素的認識,為預防CVD的發生和減輕疾病負擔提供科學依據。
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[2023-03-08收稿]