現(xiàn)象說明類說明文讀寫指南

廣東 吳嘉麗

文體導(dǎo)讀

現(xiàn)象說明類說明文主要用于介紹一種社會(huì)或自然現(xiàn)象。典型的現(xiàn)象說明類說明文通常會(huì)先描述現(xiàn)象，然后分析造成該現(xiàn)象的原因，進(jìn)而介紹該現(xiàn)象帶來的影響，最后作者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)該現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行反思，并提出解決問題的方法和建議。但部分現(xiàn)象說明類說明文只分析現(xiàn)象的成因，并未介紹該現(xiàn)象造成的影響，而有些現(xiàn)象說明類說明文則著重介紹現(xiàn)象造成的影響。

策略導(dǎo)航

（1）巧用彩色筆細(xì)品文章。借助彩色筆對(duì)文本的不同部分進(jìn)行標(biāo)注。用黃色筆標(biāo)注對(duì)現(xiàn)象的介紹，用綠色筆標(biāo)注現(xiàn)象的成因，用紫色筆標(biāo)注現(xiàn)象的影響，用橙色筆標(biāo)注解決方案和建議，然后根據(jù)標(biāo)注情況，進(jìn)行仿寫。

（2）利用“PAS 原則”搭建文本框架，搭建讀寫支架。“PAS 原則”即Present the phenomenon—Analyse the phenomenon—Solve the problem。這一原則完整地概括了呈現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象、分析現(xiàn)象、解決問題的整體思維過程。但部分現(xiàn)象說明類說明文通常不會(huì)直接給出解決問題的方案，讀者需要通過批判性、創(chuàng)新性思考才能得到解決方案。在閱讀現(xiàn)象說明類說明文時(shí)，我們可以利用“PAS原則”，以輔助我們厘清文章結(jié)構(gòu)和梳理基本信息，抓住文章段落的主旨大意。

文章結(jié)構(gòu)Opening Body Reason——分析造成該現(xiàn)象的原因Consequence——介紹該現(xiàn)象帶來的影響Ending行文視角Lead in：簡(jiǎn)要引出現(xiàn)象話題Present the phenomenon：呈現(xiàn)社會(huì)或者自然現(xiàn)象Analyse the phenomenon Solve the problem：對(duì)該現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行反思，提出解決問題的方法、建議Summary：總結(jié)全文

素材導(dǎo)背

mental health 心理健康

physical health身體健康

symptom 癥狀

optimistic 樂觀的

pessimistic 悲觀的

exhausted 疲憊不堪的

depression 抑郁；沮喪

depressive 患抑郁癥的；抑郁的

anxiety 焦慮

anxious 焦慮的

fake smile 假笑

forced smile 強(qiáng)顏歡笑

struggle with 掙扎著

sb is burned out = sb is exhausted 某人感到筋疲力盡

a sense of loneliness and helplessness 孤獨(dú)感和無助感

when it comes to...當(dāng)涉及……

there was a great/slight increase/rise in...在……方面有很大的/輕微的增長(zhǎng)/上升

sth is increasingly popular/serious 某事物日趨流行/嚴(yán)重

Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.也許原因可以列舉如下。

the reason why sth...is that... 某事的原因是……

sth is very important = sth is of great importance/significance 某事很重要

It is high time that sth should be done.該做某事的時(shí)候到了。

think highly of 重視

take sth into serious account/consideration認(rèn)真考慮某事

there is no doubt that attention must be pai D...毋庸置疑要關(guān)注……

take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation 采取一系列有效措施應(yīng)對(duì)這種情況

For one thing, ... For another thing, ... 其一……，其二……

lead to 導(dǎo)致

as a result 結(jié)果是……

turn to sb for help 向某人尋求幫助

meditation 冥想

workout 鍛煉

案例導(dǎo)練

A dangerous,common form of depression not talked about enough

It is well known that depression is characterized by visible outbursts: crying a lot, feeling sad and losing interest in what was once pleasure activity.However, another term “smiling depression”—appearing happy to others while actually suffering depressive symptoms has been around for some time.

It can be hard to spot people suffering smiling depression because they may seem like they don't have a reason to be sad—they have a decent job and a wonderful family. They smile when you greet them and can carry pleasant conversations. In short, they tend to put on a mask to the outside world while leading seemingly normal and active lives. When it comes to the inside, however, they often have intense feelings of worthlessness and helplessness,sometimes even having thoughts of ending it all.

Smiling depression partly stems from people who are often reluctant to seek help because of the stigma（恥辱）against mental illness. They feel ashamed of seeing a psychologist. They quietly hold their stress and sadness within, which undoubtedly creates a form of emotional paralysis（癱瘓）that keeps them stuck in unhappy situations.

Some negative consequences include overeating, feeling a sense of heaviness in the arms and legs, etc. People suffering smiling depression are often seized by anxiety, dread,or simmering sadness,which in the long run increases the risk of heart disease,strokes and dementia. They are more likely to feel depressed in the evening and feel the need to sleep longer. With common forms of depression, however, people's mood might be worse in the morning and they might feel the need for less sleep than usual.

So how can they break this circle? Much attention should be paid to cope with it. A starting point is to admit this condition. Only when they stop ignoring their problems can they start making an actual difference. Then they can find purposes by taking the attention away from themselves and placing it onto something else. Feeling that their lives matter is finally what gives them purposes and meaning—and this can make a significant difference to their mental health and well-being. Furthermore, they should turn to family members,friends and even psychologists for help.

Our quiet stress is harmful to our mental health. Expressing our true feeling is far healthier than smiling sweetly while we are feeling quietly stresse D.

一、閱讀自測(cè)

1.Compare common depression and smiling depression.

Common depression Smiling depression Symptoms Visible outbursts:(1)(2)Sad time Sleep(3)In the (4)In the(5)(6)

2.What do we know about people suffering smiling depression?

A.They are wearing masks all day.

B.They are difficult to get along with.

C.They lead an abnormal life actually.

D.They lost their temper easily.

3.Compared with smiling depression,people suffering common forms of depression.

A.may feel sleepless

B.feel more depressed in the evening

C.are tired of heaviness in the arms

D.may eat more food

4.What can we do to overcome smiling depression?

A.Never talk about smiling depression and ignore its existence.

B.Admit the condition and pay attention to ourselves.

C.Value the importance of our life and enjoy it.

D.Get used to it and let it go.

二、語言汲取

（一）現(xiàn)象說明類說明文的核心表達(dá)

1.介紹、呈現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象

it is well known that 眾所周知……

be characterized by 有著……特點(diǎn)、特征

gather pace 加快速度；加快步伐

tend to do 往往會(huì)做……

spot 發(fā)現(xiàn)；注意到

suffer（因疾病、痛苦、悲傷等）受苦；受折磨

put on a mask 戴上面具/口罩

2.歸納原因

stem from 起源于；根源是

because of 因?yàn)椤?/p>

aware 意識(shí)到

stigma 恥辱；羞恥

be reluctant to do sth不情愿做某事

emotional paralysis 情感麻木

keep sb stuck in 使某人被困于……

3.闡述影響

consequence 結(jié)果；影響

overeating 暴飲暴食

a sense of heaviness 沉重感

seize（情緒）侵襲；突然控制

dread 恐懼

simmer 充滿（難以控制的感情，尤指憤怒）

in the long run 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看

be seized by anxiety,dread,or simmering sadness 感到焦慮、恐懼或者被一種即將爆發(fā)的悲傷所籠罩

increase the risk of heart disease,strokes and dementia 增加患心臟疾病、中風(fēng)以及癡呆的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

4.解決問題

break circles 破局；解決問題

a starting point 一開始

then, ... furthermore, ... 然后，……再者，……

matter 有重大影響

take the attention away from sb 轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)某人的注意力

turn to sb for help 向某人尋求幫助

pay attention to 關(guān)注

cope with 處理；應(yīng)對(duì)

（二）精彩表達(dá)

1.They quietly hold their stress and sadness within,which undoubtedly creates a form of emotional paralysis that keeps them stuck in unhappy situations.他們靜靜地把壓力和悲傷藏在心中，這毋庸置疑會(huì)造成一種情感麻木，讓他們?cè)诓婚_心的處境中無法自拔。

本句包含了非限制性定語從句和限制性定語從句，which引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，用來指代主句They quietly hold their stress and sadness within。此外，后面的that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)限制性定語從句，用來修飾前面的名詞emotional paralysis。

2. People suffering smiling depression are often seized by anxiety, dread, or simmering sadness, which in the long run increases the risk of heart disease, strokes and dementia.患有微笑抑郁癥的人總會(huì)感到焦慮、恐懼或者被一種即將爆發(fā)的悲傷所籠罩，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，這會(huì)增加患心臟疾病、中風(fēng)和癡呆的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

本句中，seize是擬人化動(dòng)詞，可描述人被某種情感所籠罩，可生動(dòng)地表達(dá)情感。

3. Only when they stop ignoring their problems, can they start making an actual difference.只有當(dāng)他們不再忽視自身的問題時(shí)，他們才能開始解決問題。

本句使用了以only 開頭的時(shí)間狀語從句,強(qiáng)調(diào)“problem”，此時(shí)，主句應(yīng)使用半倒裝語序。

三、句式仿寫

1.微笑抑郁癥患者對(duì)他人假裝快樂，內(nèi)心卻充滿孤獨(dú)和無助，這讓他們過著不正常的生活。

People suffering smiling depression appear happy to others while they are filled with a sense of loneliness and helplessness inside,_______________________.

2.盯著眼前怒氣沖沖的大灰熊，他們被恐懼籠罩著。

Staring at the big furious grizzly bear in front of them,_________________________.

3.只有這樣你才能解決問題。

Only in this way______________________________.

四、寫作實(shí)踐

近日，Grazy English舉辦了主題為“關(guān)注心理健康”的征文活動(dòng)，你想投稿介紹微笑抑郁癥（smiling depression）。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)，寫一篇征文。

1.微笑抑郁癥的介紹（表征、原因等）；

2.微笑抑郁癥的應(yīng)對(duì)措施和建議。注意：

1.詞數(shù)80左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

3.至少需要使用兩個(gè)本文中解析過的句式。

Smiling depression

評(píng)價(jià)導(dǎo)思

A self-assessment checklist for my expository reading

1.閱讀本文前，我認(rèn)真了解了現(xiàn)象說明類說明文的文體知識(shí)。□Yes □No

2.在閱讀過程中，我會(huì)借助彩色筆對(duì)文本中的不同部分做標(biāo)注。□Yes □No

3.在閱讀過程中，我會(huì)用“PAS原則”梳理文章?！鮕es □No

4.讀完這篇文章后，我會(huì)嘗試著對(duì)社會(huì)或自然現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行介紹?！鮕es □No

5.讀完這篇文章后，我會(huì)花費(fèi)_______的時(shí)間來讀完一篇大約350詞的現(xiàn)象說明類說明文。

□5分鐘 □7分鐘 □9分鐘 □其他

6.本次讀寫活動(dòng)后，我會(huì)嘗試分析現(xiàn)象背后的成因、影響以及提出解決方案?！鮕es □No

7.為了閱讀更多類型的現(xiàn)象說明類說明文，我需要_______。

□加倍努力 □持之以恒 □堅(jiān)持目標(biāo) □掌握高效的讀寫策略