吳紅云,吳曉蓉,李莉,謝莉菲,黃郁波,胡莉群
血清VEGF、雌激素、IL-6、TNF-α在ROP患兒中的表達水平
吳紅云1,吳曉蓉2,李莉3,謝莉菲1,黃郁波3,胡莉群1
1.贛州市人民醫院眼科,江西贛州 341000;2.南昌大學第一附屬醫院眼科,江西南昌 330006;3.贛州市人民醫院新生兒科,江西贛州 341000
探討血清血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、雌激素、白細胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)對早產兒視網膜病變(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的影響。選取2020年7月至2022年7月于贛州市人民醫院診斷為ROP的患兒12例(21眼)納入ROP組,選擇相近矯正胎齡的無ROP早產兒11例納入非ROP組。比較兩組早產兒的血清VEGF、雌激素、IL-6、TNF-α水平。比較接受玻璃體腔抗VEGF藥物治療的7例ROP患兒治療前后的血清VEGF水平。兩組早產兒的血清VEGF、雌二醇、IL-6、TNF-α比較差異均無統計學意義(>0.05),ROP組患兒的出生胎齡顯著小于非ROP組,雌三醇顯著低于非ROP組(<0.05)。接受抗VEGF藥物玻璃體腔注射治療的ROP患兒術后1d、7d的血清VEGF水平顯著低于治療前(<0.05),術后6周與治療前的VEGF水平比較差異無統計學意義(=0.351),玻璃體腔注射抗VEGF藥物總劑量與血清VEGF水平無顯著相關性(=–0.076,=0.872)。血清VEGF、雌激素、IL-6、TNF-α水平可能對ROP的形成無促進作用,抗VEGF藥物玻璃體腔注射對血清VEGF水平有短暫影響。
早產兒視網膜病變;血管內皮生長因子;雌激素;白細胞介素-6;腫瘤壞死因子-α;玻璃體腔注射
早產兒視網膜病變(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是一種發生在早產兒和低出生體質量兒中的致盲性眼病,是兒童致盲的主要原因之一。ROP是多因素綜合作用的疾病,確切病因尚不清楚,早產、低出生體質量及不合理氧療是目前公認的高危因素[1-2]。目前,ROP的早期診斷主要依靠眼底篩查,根據出生體質量和胎齡制定ROP篩查對象及篩查時間。但篩查存在成本增加及普及范圍的問題,易導致ROP發現和治療不及時。因此,尋找更為簡便的ROP診斷方法是眾多學者的研究方向。研究表明血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在ROP的發病過程中起關鍵作用,是預防和治療ROP的主要靶點[3-4]。也有研究顯示促炎細胞因子白細胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的激活有助于ROP的發展;雌激素可通過調控VEGF及其受體的表達抑制ROP新生血管,雌激素缺乏可增加血漿TNF-α表達,導致視網膜新生血管增加。本研究通過測量早產兒血清VEGF、雌激素、IL-6、TNF-α水平,觀察其在ROP患兒和非ROP患兒的水平變化,以期為進一步研究ROP的發病機制提供思路。
選取2020年7月至2022年7月于贛州市人民醫院診斷為ROP的患兒12例(21眼)納入ROP組。納入標準:①早產兒,出生胎齡<37周;②經雙目間接檢眼鏡檢查,符合ROP診斷標準[5];③接受抗VEGF藥物治療的ROP患兒符合ROP抗VEGF治療分級標準:Ⅰ區ROP、Ⅱ區后部ROP和急進型ROP[6];④檢查及治療均取得患兒父母知情同意。排除標準:①合并眼科其他疾病;②合并全身傳染性疾病;③合并遺傳性、代謝性疾病或存在先天發育畸形;④不接受治療或未按時隨訪者。選擇相近矯正胎齡的無ROP早產兒11例納入非ROP組。ROP組患兒男11例(19眼),女1例(2眼);根據ETROP研究提出的ROP治療適應證分型,將其分為Type 1型和Type 2型[7]。本研究中Type 1型病例有Ⅱ區2期+、Ⅱ區3期+、急進型ROP共5例9眼,Type 2型病例有Ⅱ區3期2例2眼,其他病例包括Ⅱ區1期、Ⅱ區2期、Ⅲ區1期共5例10眼。非ROP組早產兒男10例,女1例。本研究經贛州市人民醫院醫學倫理委員會審批通過(倫理審批號:TY-ZKY2021-002-01)。
1.2.1 ROP篩查方法 依據《中國早產兒視網膜病變篩查指南(2014年)》[5]主要針對出生胎齡<32周或出生體質量<2000g的早產兒和極低體質量兒采用雙目間接檢眼鏡配合+28.00D前置鏡及周邊鞏膜頂壓法進行ROP篩查。
1.2.2 檢測方法 分別抽取兩組早產兒的靜脈血檢測VEGF、雌激素[雌二醇(estradiol,E2)及雌三醇(estriol,E3)]、IL-6、TNF-α水平。其中VEGF檢測采用磁微粒化學發光法;TNF-α、IL-6、雌激素檢測均采用化學發光法。符合并接受抗VEGF治療的Type 1型5例9眼和Type 2型2例2眼ROP患兒分別在玻璃體腔注射術前1d與術后1d、7d、6周檢測VEGF水平。
1.2.3 ROP分級及康柏西普眼用注射液玻璃體腔注射劑量 患兒1:右眼Ⅱ區2期,注射劑量0.025ml;患兒2:雙眼急進型ROP,注射劑量每眼0.025ml;患兒3:雙眼Ⅱ區3期+,注射劑量每眼0.025ml;患兒4:左眼Ⅱ區3期,注射劑量0.025ml;患兒5:右眼Ⅱ區3期,注射劑量0.025ml;患兒6:雙眼Ⅱ區2期+,注射劑量每眼0.015ml;患兒7:雙眼急進型ROP,注射劑量每眼0.015ml。玻璃體腔注射方法遵循《早產兒視網膜病變玻璃體腔注射抗血管內皮生長因子藥物治療的專家共識》中的操作規范[8]。

ROP組患兒的出生胎齡顯著小于非ROP組(<0.05),E3顯著低于非ROP組(<0.05),兩組早產兒的其他指標比較差異均無統計學意義(>0.05),見表1。
治療前患兒的血清VEGF水平顯著高于術后1d[(185.8±54.2)pg/ml(135.6±36.0)pg/ml,=–3.032,=0.007]和術后7d[(185.8±54.2)pg/ml(125.9±47.3)pg/ml,=–3.627,=0.002],術后6周患者的血清VEGF水平上升,與治療前比較差異無統計學意義[(170.0±77.4)pg/ml(185.8±54.2)pg/ml,=–0.960,=0.351]。

表1 兩組早產兒的一般資料比較
康柏西普總劑量0.05ml患兒的術后VEGF水平[142.5(131.7,153.3)pg/ml]較0.025ml[233.5(48.9,236.6)pg/ml]及0.03ml[192.9(122.0,263.7)pg/ml]更低,但差異無統計學意義(=0.861),Spearman秩相關分析結果顯示康柏西普總劑量與VEGF水平無明顯相關性(=–0.076,=0.872)。
雖然ROP的發病機制和病因尚不完全清楚,但VEGF與ROP密切相關。VEGF不僅是促進內皮細胞增殖和血管生成的關鍵因子,也是誘導新生血管形成的重要因子[9-10]。在ROP形成過程中,由于胎兒過早脫離母體,先前驅動血管發育的生理性缺氧被高氧狀態所取代,導致第一階段因高氧抑制VEGF合成減少,第二階段組織缺血缺氧導致刺激VEGF產生過剩而致血管異常增生[9]。既往已有大量關于循環、組織中VEGF及其受體表達變化與ROP關系的研究,但研究結果并不相同[11-15]。
除了早產、低出生體質量和氧療被認為是ROP的關鍵危險因素外,促炎細胞因子的激活也被認為有助于ROP的發展[16-20]。IL-6、TNF-α是炎癥反應的主要細胞因子之一。2009年,Dammann等[21]研究指出絨毛膜羊膜炎使孕29周以下的新生兒發生ROP的風險增加1.8倍,然而該研究并未檢測細胞因子。Sood等[22]對不同時期的新生兒進行20種血液細胞因子檢測,結果顯示新生兒血液中IL-6和TNF-α水平與ROP并無關系。然而在動物模型和人類增殖性眼病中IL-6和TNF-α的表達上調。阻斷TNF-α可改善高氧誘導視網膜病變模型小鼠的生理性血管生成,減少病理性新生血管的形成[17]。
研究發現男嬰更容易發生嚴重的視網膜病變,這一現象在本研究中也得到證實[23]。有學者進行雌激素與ROP的相關性實驗研究,顯示17β-E2可能通過雌激素受體在氧誘導大鼠ROP的高氧早期發揮作用,經過17β-E2處理的幼鼠不僅能降低視網膜毛細血管無血管區占比,同時也能逆轉高氧暴露視網膜中VEGF濃度[24]。Suzuma等[25]研究表明17β-E2能促進視網膜血管內皮細胞VEGF的DNA表達,增加VEGF受體2的合成;范海燕等[26]也認為17β-E2預防ROP新生血管產生的機制可能與VEGF的表達抑制有關。雌激素的缺乏可增加血漿TNF-α表達,通過改變血管緊張素-Ⅱ活性加速血管閉塞,進一步導致脈管功能紊亂[27]。
本研究發現,ROP患兒的血清VEGF、E2、IL-6、TNF-α水平與非ROP患兒相比差異并無統計學意義,但ROP組患兒的E3水平顯著低于非ROP組。血清E3為正常人類胎盤產生的一種甾體類激素,大部分來源于胚胎腎上腺,小部分來源于母體,故認為血清E3波動在評估母嬰健康中發揮重要作用[28]。研究表明,孕婦血中游離E3減少提示胎盤功能降低及胎兒發育障礙[29],從而導致胎兒體質量低于同孕齡胎兒。本研究中兩組早產兒的出生體質量比較差異無統計學意義,但ROP組出生胎齡更小。
本研究發現ROP患兒經抗VEGF藥物治療后,血清VEGF水平較術前降低,但6周后血清VEGF水平恢復至術前水平。抗VEGF藥物玻璃體腔注射治療已成為ROP的一線治療方案[8]。抗VEGF藥物玻璃體腔注射可導致全身VEGF水平的短暫降低[30-31],但隨著抗VEGF藥物的代謝,VEGF水平可恢復至術前水平。本研究發現不同康柏西普總劑量對VEGF的影響未顯示出明顯差異,但從數據上看,可能存在劑量和血清VEGF水平的量效關系,即總劑量越高,血清VEGF水平越低,需要進一步擴大樣本量進行長期觀察研究。
綜上,血清VEGF、雌激素、IL-6、TNF-α水平對ROP的形成與進展無促進作用,抗VEGF藥物玻璃體腔注射對血清VEGF水平有短暫影響。
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Serum levels of VEGF, estrogen, IL-6 and TNF-α in children with retinopathy of prematurity
WU Hongyun, WU Xiaorong, LI Li, XIE Lifei, HUANG Yubo, HU Liqun
1.Department of Ophthalmology, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China; 2.Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; 3.Department of Neonatology, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
To investigate the levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), estrogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).Twelve children (21 eyes) diagnosed with ROP in Ganzhou People’s Hospital from July 2020 to July 2022 were included in ROP group, and 11 premature infants without ROP with similar corrected gestational age were included in non-ROP group. The levels of serum VEGF, estrogen, IL-6 and TNF-α were compared between the two groups. The serum VEGF levels of 7 children with ROP were compared before and after treatment with intravitreal injection anti-VEGF drugs.There were no significant differences in serum VEGF, estradiol, IL-6, and TNF-α between the two groups (>0.05). The gestational age at birth in ROP group was significantly lower than that in non-ROP group, and estriol was significantly lower than that in non-ROP group (<0.05). The serum VEGF levels of ROP children treated with intravitreal injection anti-VEGF drugs 1 day and 7 days after operation were significantly lower than those before treatment (<0.05), but there was no significant difference between 6 weeks after operation and before treatment (=0.351). There was no significant correlation between the total dose of anti-VEGF drugs injected into the vitreous and serum VEGF level (=–0.076,=0.872).Serum levels of VEGF, estrogen, IL-6 and TNF-α may not promote the formation of ROP, while intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs has a transient effect on serum VEGF levels.
Retinopathy of prematurity; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Estrogen; Interleukin-6; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Intravitreal injection
R779.7
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.31.005
江西省重點研發計劃項目(S2020ZPYFB2443);贛州市科技計劃項目(贛市科發[2020]60號);贛州市指導性科技計劃項目(GZ2020ZSF172)
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