


摘要:噪聲是人們最常接觸到的環(huán)境有害危險因素之一,暴露于噪聲不僅會導(dǎo)致聽覺損害,還會造成非聽覺損傷。安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的噪聲可能不會對聽覺系統(tǒng)造成影響,但會使應(yīng)激激素水平發(fā)生改變,從而危害身體健康。然而目前關(guān)于噪聲對健康影響的研究主要集中在聽覺系統(tǒng),缺乏對噪聲與應(yīng)激激素水平關(guān)系的研究歸納。故本文對噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素水平的相關(guān)研究進行綜述,為加強對噪聲危害的預(yù)防控制提供思路。
關(guān)鍵詞:噪聲;應(yīng)激激素;進展
中圖分類號: R134+.1" 文獻標(biāo)志碼: A" 文章編號:1000-503X(2023)03-0519-07
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15203
Noise Exposure and Stress Hormone Levels:A Review
XU Xiaojun,QIAN Peiyi,LIU Yun,WANG Haiyan,YANG Lei
School of Public Health,Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou 311121,China
Corresponding author:YANG Lei Tel:0571-28865010,E-mail:yanglei62@hznu.edu.com
ABSTRACT:Noise is one of the most common environmental hazards to which people are exposed,and the exposure to noise can cause not only hearing but also non-hearing damage.Although noise under safety limits may not affect the auditory system,it can cause changes in stress hormone levels,which is harmful to health.However,the current studies about the impact of noise on health mainly focus on the auditory system,and little is known about the relationship between noise and stress hormone levels.Therefore,this paper reviews the studies involving noise exposure and stress hormone levels,aiming to provide ideas for strengthening the prevention and control of noise hazards.
Key words:noise;stress hormone;progress
Acta Acad Med Sin,2023,45(3):519-525
隨著工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,噪聲引起的健康危害已受到廣泛關(guān)注。世界衛(wèi)生組織報告,在西歐,由于交通噪聲,每年就會損失約160萬健康壽命年[1]。噪聲是一種常見的壓力源,對人類及其他動物均會產(chǎn)生不利影響[2]。噪聲可致耳蝸結(jié)構(gòu)性損傷,造成聽力損失和耳鳴[3]。同時,噪聲作為非特異性應(yīng)激源,還可激活交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng),促進應(yīng)激激素分泌[4]。應(yīng)激激素參與機體的多項生理活動,對維持機體內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)發(fā)揮重要作用,其水平的升高會對心血管、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌和免疫系統(tǒng)造成損害。本文將從動物研究和人群研究兩個方面對噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素水平關(guān)系的研究進行綜述,為預(yù)防噪聲對人群健康產(chǎn)生的危害提供思路。
噪聲暴露現(xiàn)狀
噪聲污染已成為全球公共衛(wèi)生問題,對人類的生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響。目前,交通噪聲被世界衛(wèi)生組織列為僅次于空氣污染、影響人類健康的第二大環(huán)境污染源,成為高血壓和糖尿病等慢性病的危險因素[5-6]。此外,工業(yè)噪聲也對人類健康造成極大威脅。全球約有6億工人接觸有害職業(yè)噪聲[7]。在美國,約2200萬工人暴露于噪聲中[8]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,國內(nèi)接觸超標(biāo)職業(yè)噪聲的工人大約有1000萬,患上聽力損失的工人100多萬[9]。噪聲對人類疾病的影響不容忽視,已有研究證明,噪聲可通過應(yīng)激反應(yīng)對機體造成損害,長期噪聲暴露導(dǎo)致的應(yīng)激激素分泌失調(diào)與心血管疾病發(fā)生、免疫功能下降、認(rèn)知功能受損及情緒障礙等疾病有關(guān)[10-12]。
噪聲對應(yīng)激激素的影響機制
Babisch等[13]提出的噪聲反應(yīng)模型解釋了噪聲是如何通過直接和間接通路影響機體的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌穩(wěn)態(tài)(圖1)。
直接通路指噪聲的直接影響,例如耳鳴、聽力損失,而間接通路則是噪聲對認(rèn)知和情緒的改變。這兩種途徑均會刺激交感神經(jīng)和內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng),產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。噪聲所致應(yīng)激的內(nèi)在機制與杏仁核密切相關(guān),大腦中的杏仁核是處理聲音信號的重要部位,主要由基底外側(cè)核群、中央內(nèi)側(cè)核群和皮質(zhì)核群組成。杏仁核與恐懼、憤怒和快樂等情緒產(chǎn)生有關(guān),還在記憶、學(xué)習(xí)和認(rèn)知方面發(fā)揮重要作用[14-17]。其中基底外側(cè)核群中的外側(cè)杏仁核可接收來自聽覺、視覺、味覺及嗅覺等多個感覺系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)元信號輸入。因此外側(cè)杏仁核可受到來自聽覺丘腦和聽覺皮層的聲音刺激,將信號傳遞至中央杏仁核進行輸出后,通過下丘腦,激活交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA),從而釋放腎上腺素、去甲腎上腺素和皮質(zhì)醇等應(yīng)激激素[18]。
皮質(zhì)醇是HPA軸分泌的糖皮質(zhì)激素,可反映機體的壓力狀況。其水平的長期升高會損害心血管、免疫、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的功能[19-21]。去甲腎上腺素與腎上腺素屬于兒茶酚胺,與認(rèn)知能力、記憶力水平密切相關(guān),具有調(diào)節(jié)心血管活動的功能[22-23]。應(yīng)激激素水平可經(jīng)血液和尿液測得,皮質(zhì)醇水平還可通過唾液測量,唾液中皮質(zhì)醇濃度能夠反映血清中游離皮質(zhì)醇水平[24]。基于其損害性小、采樣方便的特點,皮質(zhì)醇唾液采樣已成為目前流行的測量方式。
噪聲與應(yīng)激激素水平的動物研究
急性噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素水平 趙曉雨[25]等將豚鼠急性暴露于120dB的強噪聲下4h,發(fā)現(xiàn)其血清中的皮質(zhì)醇、腎上腺素和去甲腎上腺素水平均顯著上升。Zhang等[26]將大鼠暴露在120dB噪聲應(yīng)激下8h,其血清皮質(zhì)醇水平顯著升高。有學(xué)者連續(xù)3d將小鼠暴露在聲壓級為90dB(A)的環(huán)境下5h,經(jīng)血液檢測后發(fā)現(xiàn)其腎上腺素及皮質(zhì)醇水平均顯著升高[27]。其他研究也表明,短暫噪聲暴露會顯著升高大鼠的腎上腺素水平[28]。但是Jin等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),暴露在110dB噪聲1h后,小鼠的腎上腺素水平無顯著變化。Munzel等[30]構(gòu)建了聲級小于85dB、平均聲壓級為72dB的飛機噪聲模型,并將小鼠暴露在該噪聲模型下4d,結(jié)果顯示其去甲腎上腺素與皮質(zhì)醇水平均顯著升高,而腎上腺素雖然存在升高趨勢,但無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。這可能是由于不同種類動物的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)存在差異,且接觸噪聲的時間和類型不一。因此急性噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素的關(guān)系還需要更加合理的噪聲暴露評估和實驗設(shè)計,才能得出可靠的結(jié)論。
慢性噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素水平 慢性噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素關(guān)系的研究大多集中于皮質(zhì)醇,對腎上腺素和去甲腎上腺素的研究較少。與急性噪聲暴露相比,慢性持續(xù)性噪聲對應(yīng)激激素水平的影響更大[31]。長期中等強度噪聲的刺激可使腎上腺結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂[32]。俞發(fā)榮等[33]的研究認(rèn)為,長期的噪聲刺激可顯著增加大鼠體內(nèi)去甲腎上腺素濃度。另有研究報道,高溫和慢性噪聲的聯(lián)合作用可促進大鼠腎上腺素的分泌[34]。Farzadinia等[35]將3組大鼠分別暴露在90、105、115dB噪聲下60d,結(jié)果顯示115dB噪聲下的大鼠皮質(zhì)醇水平明顯升高。其他研究也認(rèn)為慢性噪聲暴露與大鼠皮質(zhì)醇水平升高之間存在統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[36]。有學(xué)者將小鼠暴露在聲壓級為70dB(A)的高鐵噪聲下53d,小鼠的去甲腎上腺素水平雖然沒有顯著變化,但整體呈現(xiàn)先升高后保持平穩(wěn)的狀態(tài)[37]。同樣也有研究證明,長期接觸噪聲,皮質(zhì)醇水平的變化會呈現(xiàn)先升高后下降再保持平穩(wěn)的趨勢[38-39]。這可能是由于機體適應(yīng)慢性應(yīng)激后,應(yīng)激激素的分泌會產(chǎn)生負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié),使其濃度穩(wěn)定在較低的水平[40]。但隨著暴露時間的增加,這種負(fù)反饋機制也會失去作用,應(yīng)激激素水平會上升到危害身體健康的程度,導(dǎo)致心血管、神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌和免疫系統(tǒng)紊亂[41]。由此,我們推斷,慢性噪聲暴露很可能會使機體產(chǎn)生適應(yīng)性,并逐漸降低應(yīng)激激素分泌的速度,但是仍舊會帶來長期的健康危害。噪聲對應(yīng)激激素水平影響的動物研究總結(jié)見表1。
噪聲與應(yīng)激激素水平的人群研究
目前關(guān)于噪聲對人群應(yīng)激激素影響的研究主要集中在環(huán)境和工作場所噪聲兩個方面,而環(huán)境噪聲多為日常生活中接觸到的交通噪聲,這兩種噪聲均是人們長期接觸、引發(fā)疾病的危險因素。因此研究慢性噪聲暴露對人體影響的橫斷面研究較為常見,與動物研究不同的是,現(xiàn)有的人群研究暫未對長期噪聲暴露后的應(yīng)激激素水平變化趨勢做分析。
工業(yè)噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素水平 我國的工作場所噪聲接觸限值為85dB(A),而有研究表明,當(dāng)暴露于60dB(A)以上的噪聲時,人體內(nèi)應(yīng)激激素水平就會顯著升高[42]。伊朗的一項橫斷面研究調(diào)查長期暴露于工廠噪聲對工人兒茶酚胺水平的影響,結(jié)果顯示未佩戴聽力保護裝置工人的腎上腺素與去甲腎上腺素水平均高于佩戴組[43]。提示聽力保護裝置在噪聲防護上有顯著效果。另一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著工廠噪聲水平的升高,工人體內(nèi)的去甲腎上腺素水平也呈上升趨勢[44]。國內(nèi)研究結(jié)果也表明,工廠噪聲暴露可導(dǎo)致去甲腎上腺素水平升高[45-47]。Nawaz等[48]將暴露在不同工廠噪聲水平中作業(yè)人員的血清皮質(zhì)醇進行比較,結(jié)果顯示高噪聲暴露工人的皮質(zhì)醇水平高于低噪聲暴露組。實際上,除了噪聲這一環(huán)境因素會對機體應(yīng)激產(chǎn)生影響外,溫度和光照水平均會影響應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。因此,Zare等[49]研究綜合考慮了溫度、光照等環(huán)境因素,發(fā)現(xiàn)工業(yè)噪聲與工人血清皮質(zhì)醇水平升高有關(guān)。HPA軸的活動存在晝夜節(jié)律,即皮質(zhì)醇的分泌在早晨醒來20~30min時達到峰值,白天逐漸下降,前半夜達到最低[50]。有研究得出結(jié)論,工廠噪聲可升高工人夜間皮質(zhì)醇水平[51]。Fouladi等[52]研究也認(rèn)為,長期接觸工業(yè)噪聲可改變皮質(zhì)醇分泌模式,尤其是夜間皮質(zhì)醇水平可顯著升高。因此,可以認(rèn)為低于規(guī)定限值的工業(yè)噪聲依然會影響人體應(yīng)激激素水平,且長期的工業(yè)噪聲暴露是改變其分泌模式的危險因素。
交通噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素水平 交通噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素關(guān)系的研究較多,但結(jié)果尚不一致。交通噪聲與人體皮質(zhì)醇水平的升高存在關(guān)聯(lián)[53]。國外的一項隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),母親在孕期暴露于交通噪聲下,出生嬰兒的糖皮質(zhì)激素代謝物水平明顯上升[54]。男性和女性對噪聲的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)存在差異,一項對7個歐洲國家的研究表明,飛機噪聲暴露僅與女性唾液皮質(zhì)醇水平升高有關(guān),男性中未發(fā)現(xiàn)該現(xiàn)象[55]。居住地附近道路交通噪聲較高的兒童皮質(zhì)醇水平顯著高于安靜地區(qū)的[56-57]。而一些負(fù)面研究結(jié)論表示,道路交通噪聲暴露未改變兒童和青少年的唾液皮質(zhì)醇水平[58-59]。實際上即使在睡眠期間,人體也能對環(huán)境噪聲產(chǎn)生反應(yīng),在早期睡眠階段,有效抑制皮質(zhì)醇的釋放對精神和身體功能的恢復(fù)至關(guān)重要[60]。交通噪聲屬于間歇噪聲,與連續(xù)噪聲相比,對夜間睡眠的影響更大,可導(dǎo)致應(yīng)激激素分泌增多、自主覺醒時間增加、血壓及心率增高[61-63]。交通噪聲較為復(fù)雜,包含了道路和飛機等噪聲,且影響的人群范圍較廣,研究對象涵蓋了不同職業(yè)、不同年齡段的人群,這可能是相關(guān)研究結(jié)果不一致的原因。噪聲對應(yīng)激激素水平影響的人群研究總結(jié)見表2。
應(yīng)激激素的個體差異
在噪聲與應(yīng)激激素關(guān)系的研究中,針對不同研究對象的結(jié)果存在差異。這提示我們,噪聲產(chǎn)生的危害存在個體差異,這主要取決于噪聲類型、噪聲敏感性、控制和調(diào)節(jié)聲源的能力等因素[64]。研究表明,低頻噪聲對機體應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的影響更甚,可顯著升高皮質(zhì)醇水平[65]。根據(jù)相關(guān)的動物研究可知,機體雖然可以適應(yīng)慢性應(yīng)激,但與急性噪聲暴露相比,持續(xù)噪聲暴露產(chǎn)生的危害更大。而與連續(xù)性噪聲相比,間歇性噪聲對應(yīng)激激素水平的影響更顯著,不同的噪聲類型往往會產(chǎn)生不同程度的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。此外,噪聲敏感性較高的個體會更容易注意到聲音,并產(chǎn)生煩惱情緒,皮質(zhì)醇水平也會隨之升高,并出現(xiàn)注意力分散、頭痛、疲倦和易怒等癥狀,進而造成生理心理疾病[66-68]。國外的一項橫斷面研究表明高噪聲敏感性會增加機體皮質(zhì)醇水平,導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)的免疫系統(tǒng)生物標(biāo)志物的改變,對免疫系統(tǒng)造成損害[69]。但是對噪聲的感知可控性可以很大程度上減少噪聲帶來的危害,與可控噪聲相比,暴露于不可控噪聲對腎上腺素分泌的影響更大[70]。關(guān)于噪聲與應(yīng)激激素關(guān)系的遺傳變異數(shù)據(jù)有限,目前僅國內(nèi)的一項研究分析了應(yīng)激激素合成相關(guān)基因在噪聲對心血管疾病效應(yīng)中的作用[71]。
展" 望
目前關(guān)于噪聲與應(yīng)激激素的關(guān)系已受到廣泛關(guān)注,這給噪聲領(lǐng)域的研究提供了新的方向。近年來針對動物的噪聲與應(yīng)激激素關(guān)系的研究較多,而相關(guān)的人群研究較少。因此有必要深入開展人群調(diào)查,尤其是職業(yè)人群的噪聲危害。已有多項研究表明,低于安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的工廠噪聲仍能影響工人的應(yīng)激激素水平。國內(nèi)的工業(yè)噪聲暴露允許標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以聽力損傷為依據(jù),而國外的一些發(fā)達國家則從人機工效學(xué)角度出發(fā),著重保護工人的生理、心理健康。根據(jù)Babisch的噪聲反應(yīng)模型可知,不論是直接通路還是間接通路,噪聲均會引起應(yīng)激反應(yīng)進而對機體健康造成危害。因此有必要從應(yīng)激層面出發(fā),對職業(yè)噪聲所致的非聽覺損傷做深入研究,不同的噪聲類型、應(yīng)激激素相關(guān)基因的遺傳多態(tài)性以及人體對噪聲的主觀反應(yīng)與疾病的關(guān)聯(lián)均待進一步探索。其次,現(xiàn)有人群研究多是橫斷面調(diào)查,證實力較弱,無法測得長期的應(yīng)激激素變化趨勢,應(yīng)加強該方向的隨訪調(diào)查。另外,溫度和光照也會影響噪聲暴露與應(yīng)激激素水平的研究結(jié)果,而多數(shù)研究未考慮其混雜作用,因此溫度和光照均應(yīng)納入之后研究的影響因素內(nèi)。綜上所述,應(yīng)激激素作為噪聲對機體損害的間接因素,具有重要的研究意義,故應(yīng)加強該方向的研究,努力確定危險因素,保護高危人群。
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(收稿日期:2022-07-12)