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(Ti,Nb)Cx復合材料的制備與性能表征

2024-01-01 00:00:00鄒芹任宇李艷國任海波
金剛石與磨料磨具工程 2024年5期

摘要 以TiC與過渡族金屬Nb為原料,在機械合金化(mechanical alloying,MA)下制備多種非化學計量比的(Ti,Nb)Cx聚晶金剛石(polycrystalline diamond,PCD)刀具結合劑。通過X射線衍射儀對復合材料燒結體的物相組成等進行分析,再通過掃描電子顯微鏡對復合材料的斷口形貌進行觀察,并用維氏硬度計測量復合材料的硬度和斷裂韌性。結果表明:在1 300~1 700℃的范圍內,溫度越高TiC和Nb的固溶程度越好;在同一燒結溫度下,(Ti,Nb)Cx復合材料的硬度隨著金屬Nb占比變大而逐漸升高;在同一金屬Nb占比下,溫度越高Nb與TiC的固溶程度越好。同時,(Ti,Nb)C0.5復合材料的力學性能最優,在1 600℃時達到硬度最大值23.0 GPa,且其斷裂韌性最高為7.20 MPa·m1/2。

關鍵詞 TiC;Nb;(Ti,Nb)Cx;非化學計量比;性能

中圖分類號 TG71;TB332文獻標志碼 A

文章編號1006-852X(2024)05-0575-06

DOI碼10.13394/j.cnki.jgszz.2023.0164

收稿日期2023-08-18 修回日期 2023-11-15

TiC基復合材料因具有較好的力學性能、化學特性以及與金屬優異的相容性而廣泛應用于多種增強材料中[1-2]。同時,TiC基復合材料重量輕、強度高、耐腐蝕性能好、生物相容性好[3-4]。且TiC與Al2O3、WC、TiN等原料可以制成具有高熔點、高硬度及優良化學穩定性的復相陶瓷材料,是聚晶金剛石(polycrystalline dia-mond,PCD)切削工具及耐磨部件的優選材料[5]。

但總的來說,TiC基復合材料的燒結性能不佳,往往需要很高的溫度才能和金剛石燒結。其中的(Ti,Nb)C固溶體粉末直接燒結后的復合材料具有獨特的弱“核?環”結構,使“核?環”界面的應力集中現象顯著減少,因而有利于復合材料綜合性能提高[6-9]。此外,PCD刀具切削工件時有大量的熱量產生,PCD結合劑的熱膨脹系數應與金剛石接近,以避免金剛石晶粒內部和邊界出現大量的微裂紋和缺陷[10-11]。

而非化學計量比的PCD結合劑可以和金剛石良好結合,使PCD刀具材料的力學性能保持相對一致,且其硬度和斷裂韌性分布均勻。與傳統結合劑相比,TiC基金屬陶瓷結合劑可以與金剛石在高溫高壓燒結過程中反應形成非化學計量比碳化物,并提供大量的C空位。這些C空位能提供擴散路徑,加速各化合物之間的物質交換,降低燒結溫度,從而使PCD的綜合性能得到進一步提升[12-17]。

制備PCD刀具用(Ti,Nb)Cx結合劑,探討不同摩爾比的TiC和過渡族金屬Nb機械合金化(mechanical alloying,MA)后的燒結行為。同時,對(Ti,Nb)Cx復合材料燒結體的微觀斷口組織形貌進行觀察,并對其力學性能進行測試與分析,以期制備出性能優良的(Ti,Nb)Cx結合劑。

1試驗部分

(1)使用細化和退火處理后的TiC粉末(粒徑為1~3μm,純度為99.5%)和金屬Nb粉(粒徑為1~3μm,純度為99.5%)為原料,用QM-3SP4型行星球磨機MA制備(Ti,Nb)Cx混合粉末,TiC和Nb的摩爾比分別為8∶2,7∶3,6∶4和5∶5,即混合粉末的分子式可分別表示為(Ti,Nb)C0.8,(Ti,Nb)C0.7,(Ti,Nb)C0.6,(Ti,Nb)C0.5。(2)球磨時,φ8 mm、φ5 mm、φ2 mm的3種WC硬質合金球質量比為6∶3∶1。將20 g復合粉體原料、200 g硬質合金球放入WC硬質合金罐中,在450 r/min下MA 60 h,得到混合粉末。(3)采用VVSgr-40-2000型真空碳管爐在400℃和真空下對混合粉末退火,保溫30 min后隨爐冷卻至室溫;將混合粉末放入φ10 cm的石墨模具中,在30 MPa下預壓成型,預壓保持時間為60 s。(4)使用LABOXTM-110型放電等離子燒結機在氬氣環境中燒結預壓成型的坯體[18],燒結時燒結壓力為50 MPa,燒結溫度為1 300~1 700℃,升溫速率為50℃/min,達到燒結溫度后保溫10 min,得到(Ti,Nb)Cx復合材料燒結體。(5)采用Rigaku D/max-2500PC型X射線衍射儀對復合材料燒結體的物相進行表征[19]。采用S-4800型場發射電鏡觀察復合材料燒結體斷口的顯微組織形貌。使用HVS-1000型維氏硬度計對(Ti,Nb)Cx燒結體的硬度進行測量,測量時載荷分別為100、200、300、500和1 000 g,載荷保持時間為15 s。燒結體的斷裂韌性根據Shetty方程[20]及硬度試驗產生的裂紋長度計算。

2結果與討論

(Ti,Nb)Cx在1 300~1 700℃時的燒結體物相組成如圖1所示,圖1的1表示原始混合粉末,2、3、4、5、6分別表示燒結溫度為1 300、1 400、1 500、1 600和1 700℃時的燒結體。由于燒結溫度為1 700℃時,TiC和Nb的摩爾比為8∶2、5∶5時的原料與石墨模具部分熔融,燒結體被破壞,因此這2個配比下只進行燒結溫度為1 300和1 600℃時的燒結行為研究,而沒有1 700℃時的燒結體樣品。

由圖1可以看出:不論Nb占比如何,Nb原子均能進入TiC晶體結構中,與TiC生成面心立方結構(fcc)復合化合物(Ti,Nb)Cx。由于Nb的原子半徑比Ti的大,Nb原子進入TiC基體導致TiC晶格參數變大,TiC主峰位隨著溫度的升高向小角度偏移。且在1 300~1 700℃的燒結溫度下,Nb和TiC固溶程度隨燒結溫度升高而升高。溫度升高,TiC的衍射峰變窄,進而發生晶粒長大現象。

圖2為(Ti,Nb)C0.8復合材料燒結體在不同燒結溫度下的斷口形貌。如圖2所示:溫度在1 300℃和1 400℃時,燒結體致密度不高,各顆粒大小形態不均勻,結合不緊密;燒結溫度增至1 500℃時,顆粒大小均勻,斷面大部分為沿晶斷裂,界面反應強烈,組織逐漸致密。圖3為不同燒結溫度下的(Ti,Nb)C0.8粒徑分布。從圖3可以看出:在燒結溫度為1 600℃時,其晶粒尺寸較1 500℃時的明顯增大,且出現個別晶粒異常長大現象。

圖4為(Ti,Nb)C0.8、(Ti,Nb)C0.7、(Ti,Nb)C0.6在1 600℃時燒結后的樣品斷口形貌。由圖4可知:當溫度一定時,金屬Nb的占比越大,燒結體的固溶程度越好,燒結體中空隙越少,復合材料燒結體的致密度也越高。其中,(Ti,Nb)C0.6燒結體的大顆粒與小顆粒相互重疊,界面反應劇烈,顆粒間尺寸差異最大。

據外推函數Nelson-Riley的關系可得,TiC的晶胞參數為0.432 7 nm[21]。圖5為(Ti,Nb)C0.5、(Ti,Nb)C0.8的晶胞參數。如圖5所示:(Ti,Nb)C0.8復合材料的晶胞參數隨著燒結溫度的升高逐漸變小,其最小值為0.434 7 nm。說明在1 300~1 600℃范圍內,(Ti,Nb)C0.8復合材料的晶胞參數均大于 TiC 的,且 Nb 原子代替部 分 Ti 原子占據 TiC 的晶體結構。同時,在同一燒結溫 度條件下,(Ti, Nb) C0.5 復合材料的晶胞參數均大于 (Ti, Nb) C0.8 的,說明 Nb 含量越高,TiC 對 Nb 的固溶程度越 大,引起的晶胞參數也變大,這與圖 1 的 XRD 結果相 一致。

圖 6 為 (Ti, Nb) Cx 復合材料在 1 300~1 700 ℃ 燒 結溫度下的維氏硬度和斷裂韌性。從圖 6 可以看出:在燒結溫度相同的情況下,Nb的占比越大,(Ti,Nb)Cx復合材料的硬度越高,且復合材料的硬度隨燒結溫度增加而升高;同時,(Ti,Nb)C0.5的硬度值最大,為23.0 GPa,且其斷裂韌性達到最大值7.20 MPa·m1/2。綜合來看,(Ti,Nb)C0.5復合材料的力學性能最佳。

3討論

由于PCD結合劑性能直接關系到PCD的整體性能,所以要求PCD結合劑的熱膨脹系數與金剛石的接近,且具有高硬度、高韌性[22-24]。同時,當結合劑和金剛石結合良好時,可以確保刀具在切削工件時不會變形[25]。

隨著科技的進步,PCD用金剛石的顆粒尺寸越來越小,如何使粒度更小的金剛石與結合劑更好地結合,成為當下迫切需要解決的問題[25-26]。非化學計量比的(Ti,Nb)Cx復合材料由于存在大量C空位,所以Ti?C共價鍵的濃度也會降低,從而減少燒結時所需的能量[27]。不僅如此,由于C原子的減少,增加了Ti?C鍵的金屬性,導致復合材料的斷裂韌性增大[1,28]。且由于非化學計量比的(Ti,Nb)Cx提供了大量的C空位,為原子擴散提供了通道,可以大幅度地降低復合材料的燒結溫度[28]。因此,(Ti,Nb)Cx在兼顧TiC基陶瓷的高硬度和高溫穩定性的同時,也能降低TiC基陶瓷較高的燒結溫度,且在一定程度上提高TiC基陶瓷的斷裂韌性[29-30]。此外,由于Ti原子半徑與Nb原子半徑接近,二者在固溶過程中發生的晶格畸變,也促使PCD結合劑的綜合性能提升[31]。

4結論

TiC與Nb單質可以按不同比例,MA制備非化學計量比共價化合物(Ti,Nb)C0.5、(Ti,Nb)C0.6、(Ti,Nb)C0.7、(Ti,Nb)C0.8。其中,在同一燒結溫度下,TiC與Nb單質摩爾比為5∶5時的固溶程度最好,硬度最高,且在同一摩爾比下,溫度越高,TiC與Nb單質固溶程度越好。同時,非化學計量比共價鍵化合物(Ti,Nb)C0.5綜合機械性能最優,其最大硬度為23.0 GPa,最高斷裂韌性為7.20 MPa·m1/2。

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作者簡介

鄒芹,女,1978,教授。主要研究方向:超硬及特種陶瓷材料。E-mail:zq@ysu.edu.cn

李艷國,男,1978,副研究員。主要研究方向:先進鋼鐵材料。E-mail:lyg@ysu.edu.cn

(編輯:周萬里)

Preparation and performance characterization of(Ti,Nb)Cx composite material

ZOU Qin1,2,REN Yu1,LI Yanguo1,REN Haibo2

(1.State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology,Yanshan University,Qinhuangdao 066004,Hebei,China)

(2.School of Mechanical Engineering,Yanshan University,Qinhuangdao 066004,Hebei,China)

Abstract Objectives:The aim was to prepare a variety of non-stoichiometric(Ti,Nb)Cx PCD tool binder composites using TiC and transition metal Nb by mechanical alloying(MA)technology.The effects of different sintering temperat-ures and Nb contents on the phase compositions,microstructures,and mechanical properties of the composites were in-vestigated to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the properties of PCD tool binders.The specific tasks included preparing(Ti,Nb)Cx composites with varying ratios,analyzing their solid-solution behavior at different temperatures,and evaluating their hardness and fracture toughness.Methods:High purity TiC and Nb powders were selected as raw materials for the experiment,and the MA technology was used to achieve uniform mixing of the two materials.In order to investigate the effect of sintering temperature on the properties of composite materials,various sintering temperatures ranging from 1300 to 1700℃were set.The sintered samples were subjected to phase analysis using an X-ray diffracto-meter,and the data were analyzed using Jade software.Subsequently,the fracture morphology of the sintered body was observed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and the hardness and fracture toughness of the composite materi-als were measured using a Vickers hardness tester.Results:Within the sintering temperature range of 1 300 to 1 700℃,the solid-solution degree of TiC and Nb gradually increases with the increase in temperature.At higher temperatures,the diffusion between TiC and Nb accelerates,forming a more stable solid-solution,and the phase composition tends to sta-bilize.At the same sintering temperature,the hardness of the(Ti,Nb)Cx composite increases gradually with the increase in Nb content,indicating that the introduction of Nb enhances the overall hardness of the composite.Especially when the sintering temperature is 1600℃,the(Ti,Nb)C0.50.5 composite exhibits the best mechanical properties with a hard-ness of 23.0 GPa and fracture toughness of 7.20 MPa·m1/2.The results show that under these temperature and ratio con-ditions,the composite achieves the best solid-solution state,has fewer internal defects,moderate grain size,and optimal mechanical properties.Conclusions:The sintering temperature and Nb content have significant impacts on the phase composition and mechanical properties of(Ti,Nb)Cx composite materials.Controlling these two parameters can optim-ize the hardness and toughness of the composite materials,thereby enhancing their application potential in PCD cutting tools.The higher sintering temperature is conducive to the full solid-solution of TiC and Nb,forming a more stable crys-talline phase structure and improving the mechanical properties of the material.Future research could explore the influ-ences of introducing other transition group metals on the properties of composite materials in order to develop higher-performance PCD tool binders.Others:Although the main objective of this study is to optimize the performance of(Ti,Nb)Cx PCD tool binders,the mechanical alloying techniques and analytical methods used in this research have the potential for broader applications.The mechanical alloying technology is not only suitable for the development of PCD tool materials but also for the preparation of other high-performance composite materials.At the same time,the combin-ation of X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy provides valuable data support for the field of ma-terials science,which helps deepen the understanding of the microstructure and phase composition of materials,thereby promoting research progress in the field.

Key words TiC;Nb;(Ti,Nb)Cx;non-stoichiometric ratio;performance

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