腹地規劃設計的教學實踐研究

摘 要 本文介紹了清華大學英語課程建筑學碩士項目于2023年開展的設計研究課程的方法和研究成果。該研究旨在探索中國腹地地區發展的替代策略，重點關注浙江省麗水市的萬象山地區。通過整合城市和建筑方面的考慮，該項研究采用比較案例研究、大數據分析和實地調查等方法來應對腹地發展的復雜性。研究揭示了通過敏感的、基于地方的干預措施促進經濟增長的同時，保護歷史、文化和生態價值的重要性。通過實際的設計研究和教育合作，該項目探索了振興腹地地區的整體方法，為中國腹地地區可持續和包容性發展提供全新的視角。

關鍵詞：腹地；設計研究；城市規劃；浙江麗水

0 引言：中國城鄉定義的演變

本文介紹了清華大學建筑學院英文碩士團隊在2023 年進行的設計研究項目，并關注中國腹地地區發展的替代策略。這些介于農村與城市之間的腹地地區往往被忽視，亟須制訂針對腹地地區的具體設計策略。研究項目旨在通過多學科的教授和來自不同背景的國內外碩士及本科學生的合作，探索應對這一領域普遍問題的潛在方法。

本文提出了一種適用于通常被忽視的，位于農村與城市之間地區的項目策略，旨在探討開發建設農村與城市之間腹地地區的新方式。本文將腹地地區定義為“未來前沿”，指出了所選地段的問題，總結了所采用的教學和研究方法，并描述了研究項目的成果，此研究項目中的理念為未來的進一步研究提供了具有參考性的建議。

1 腹地地區作為未來前沿

自1978 年改革開放以來，中國現代化進程中城市化成為核心構成[1]。然而，過去20 年來，農村地區的發展潛力日益受到各方關注。政府明顯轉向關注農村地區的發展潛力，制訂的政策包括國家鄉村振興戰略和取消農業稅。這一轉變并非試圖在農村環境中復制城市模式，而是要在一定程度上降低城市快速發展帶來的不利影響，如區域發展不均衡、高房價、環境污染和文化同質化等，旨在促進更可持續的生活方式和與自然的平衡關系，并將城市帶來的部分經濟收益回饋給農村。

由此導致的農村人口的流失和模式的變化，引發了Araghi、Ghosh S 和Meer A 所稱的“全球去農民化”現象[2-3]。這個問題與設施遷移現象密切相關[4]，涉及對鄉村或其他具有重要環境價值地區的自然和文化資源的利用，還推動了郊區化的擴張[5]，導致城市土地擴張和核心城市與腹地區域關系的重新定義。2012 年以來，國家層面明確提出實施新型城鎮化戰略，推動縮小城鄉發展差距，中央政府在2024 年年初強調腹地建設[6] 國家戰略。浙江省和其他地區提出了相應的政策并加以推廣，作出了地方實踐的先鋒示范[7]。國家和地方層面新型城鎮化工作的重點，即是本文討論的腹地規劃設計目標。既有措施發揮了重要作用，但規劃師和建筑師需要從設計角度反思這些問題，批判性地參與替代空間配置，探索在農村空間中實踐的新方式[8]。

因此，介于鄉村與城市之間的腹地地區成為應對這些挑戰的未來前沿。新型城鎮化發展戰略將在中國腹地地區發揮關鍵作用，使其成為觀察創新趨勢和試驗項目的重點區域。本設計研究課程利用腹地地區，通過整合城市和建筑因素，為新型城鄉規劃作出貢獻，為腹地地區可持續和包容性發展提供全新視角。

2 場地介紹：浙江省麗水市萬象山地區

浙江省麗水市的萬象山地區，是本文提及腹地地區的典型代表。該地區存在顯著的城鄉差異、不完善的基礎設施和不均衡的產業發展。在重大基礎設施方面，盡管有麗水經濟技術開發區等項目作為支持，但區域總體建設進度落后，區域配套設施仍不完善，產業布局轉型尚未完成，目前仍集中在傳統農業領域。作為縣級市，麗水市既沒有直接受益于其他地區成功實施的鄉村振興政策，也未享受到鄰近中心大都市的城市化戰略。這些特點充分體現了麗水作為被忽視，且錯失發展機遇的腹地地區的典型代表，而不是一般的城鄉區域。為實現城鄉發展的均衡化，該地區需要通過制訂更加全面和創新的發展策略來解決這些問題。然而，麗水卻努力發掘自身的特色和發展潛力，將自己定位為“國際攝影名城”，推出中國首個國際攝影節，并充分利用其攝影勝地的中心位置[9]。

本次項目在萬象山地區的工業遺址區域進行設計研究，該區域位于原歷史城墻之外，臨近甌江，是20 世紀60 年代中國工業時期的工業生產基地，基地內部還有油泵廠舊廠房、宿舍和工人食堂等相關設施。隨著工業的搬遷和城市的擴張，該區域成為新開發項目的重要節點。隨著麗水國際攝影節的成功舉辦，該區域已成為一個臨時展覽場所，并正在尋求更持久的發展戰略。因此，萬象山地區的未來應與其獨特的定位、傳統遺產和現代文化創意特色一致。15 年以來，相關部門曾對麗水市萬象山地區做過多次規劃，也有投資企業提出純商業開發的設想。根據《麗水國際攝影名城發展規劃（2021—2030 年）》，萬象山地區的具體控制性詳細規劃已經完成。項目概念框架得到了加強，《萬象攝影公園項目建議書》和《麗水攝影文化中心可行性研究報告》獲得批準，從而進入了項目的全面土地征收過程。

此外，麗水作為國家生態保護和建設示范區，對于協調人類和自然生態系統的關系至關重要。在不破壞自然環境的前提下，保護當地動植物群落，并提高其質量是一項關鍵任務（圖1）。這需要擴展該區域功能，融入更多的區域元素，避免完全拆除和重建，并與地方政府合作，尋求更新的發展途徑，從多個角度達成共識。鑒于當前的城市發展戰略，規劃和設計廢棄的城市土地，以優化內部空間模式和提高土地利用效率已成為一項關鍵任務。這一舉措不僅可以振興廢棄的城市區域，還為人們提供了反思和重塑建筑和景觀的機會，使萬象山地區成為新替代策略開發的典型案例。2021 年，麗水編制出臺第二輪《攝影十年計劃》，概述了其整體定位和發展目標。2021 年6 月，搬遷項目正式啟動。為確保項目的順利實施，市級和區級政府部門在10 多次集體討論和50 多次修訂中，廣泛討論并修訂了搬遷計劃，在區長辦公會議和市政府常務委員會上討論后，最終政策方案得以形成，反映了各級政府部門對文化推廣和建設麗水“國際攝影城”的高度重視和支持。然而，麗水攝影園區的初步規劃建議顯著增加場地內的商業建筑，以滿足經濟發展需求。這種基于現有的城市發展策略的開發方式，忽略了腹地地區本身的潛在性，對于不需要這種規劃的地區而言，這是一個不現實且過度商業化的項目，使得當地利益相關者缺乏明確的發展途徑。因此，為萬象山這樣的腹地地區提出新的開發策略，是應對發展挑戰的一個重大突破。

新的開發策略應該注重因地制宜，提高土地利用效率。這一舉措不僅振興了被遺棄的城市區域，還為類似地塊的戰略設計提供了發展契機，為腹地發展開辟了一條可持續的創新之路。

3 綜合性設計教育

本研究項目結合清華大學研究生16 周設計教學課程進行，分為前8 周的城市設計和后8周的建筑設計兩個階段，在麗水腹地的背景文脈下，從城市和建筑兩個領域進行全面的考察和分析。本項目不僅有建筑學專家參與，還有城市規劃專家的深入介入，體現了此項工作的跨學科特性。這種跨領域的合作匯集了各種觀點和專業知識，促進了研究方法的多樣性和豐富性。項目彌合建筑與城市規劃之間的差異，探索這兩個學科之間的協同效應和交叉點，最終為麗水腹地帶來更全面、更綜合的設計方案。

通過這種多學科專家的合作，項目參與者深入分析了腹地發展的復雜性，并從空間設計、環境可持續性、社區發展和文化保護等多個角度獲得了深刻的見解。利用建筑和城市規劃專家的集體智慧和技能，該研究項目旨在更細致和有效地應對腹地發展相關的挑戰和機遇。

4 課程研究方法

該課程的主要教學方式為：讓學生解決一個城市設計問題。問題空間以特定的方式定義，以促進學習目標的實現。由研究人員和從業人員聯合教學，學生學習如何解決復雜的城市設計問題，課程內容包含個人和小組評判、練習、演示、小組討論、講座、實地考察。除了上述設計課程部分，整個設計教學結構可分為以下3 個部分。

1）比較案例研究方法。

研究使用比較案例研究方法作為理論基礎，結合當地文化背景和來自全球10 多個國家的參與學生的文化多樣性。這種多樣性是教育設計研究的核心部分，也涉及來自米蘭理工大學的研究生交換生，以及清華大學本科生在設計活動中的合作。

2）大數據分析。

首先使用大數據進行分析，如地理空間數據挖掘和空間聚類，提供了對實際場地條件的全面了解，使項目參與者能夠詳細檢查周圍環境，包括土地使用模式、城市基礎設施和興趣點POI 的空間分布。此外，提取高度點，在場地范圍內生成高分辨率的數字高程模型DEM。這種綜合方法，實現了對項目區域內地形和地貌的更準確和詳細的評估，有助于在規劃和設計過程中做出知情的決策。

3）實地調研以及當地合作。

除了在麗水市萬象山地區進行的實地調研和測量外，該項目團隊還在麗水攝影博物館與地方政府召開了討論和交流會。在會議期間，團隊成員介紹了初步的城市規劃策略，并收到地方政府對麗水攝影文化和產業整體提升的建設性反饋。

這種綜合性設計教育和課程研究方法，使對麗水腹地的發展戰略得到了細致而有效的研究成果，重點關注對具體腹地地區的理解，有助于制訂更可持續、更符合當地情況的城鄉規劃。

5 研究成果：麗水萬象山攝影園

當地政府對于麗水“國際攝影城”的最初規劃方案沿用了城市發展策略的商業開發模式，在擬定的方案中，萬象山攝影園區呈現的高密度建筑群忽略了腹地地區本身的自然環境特征，并且在經濟方面缺乏可實施性。該園區具有工業遺址和長久的歷史文脈，以及豐富的植被和景觀資源，最初規劃采取典型城市高密度商業模塊的植入，難免使投入和資金無法得到有效的回報，同時導致土地利用效率的低下。因此，需要重新考慮符合腹地地區特點的“最小干預、最大效果”的替代策略。

為應對腹地地區規劃帶來的挑戰，該項目團隊針對麗水的特定發展需求進行了戰略性調整。當地政府最初規劃的用地方案，為萬象山地區設定了按照典型城市規劃界定的項目分區。最初規劃將整個區域分為3 個部分：第一部分是新建獨立公共建筑區（A-1 區）；第二部分是保護區（A-2 區）；第三部分是新建開發區（A-3 區）。在最初規劃中設置了大量的建筑面積，但未驗證該地段是否需要大量的建筑面積，同時也未考慮該地段是否能夠容納最初規劃的建筑面積（圖2）。因此，在本項目規劃階段，確保容積率保持1.3 的前提下，優先考慮縮小“新建開發區”的范圍，并使新建區與保護區相連，避免出現過度碎片化的區塊。該略具備兩方面優勢：一方面，將開發集中在重點區域，為自然景觀和現有樹木預留了空間。另一方面，縮小新建區域的范圍，并相應減少規劃的總建筑面積，緩解了對現有建筑和場地環境條件的限制，并保證空間規劃的自由度，同時減少了項目對經濟和環境的影響（圖3）。

根據上述比較案例研究方法、大數據分析、實地調研以及與當地合作，了解植被的位置和種類，考慮地形、河流、建筑空間和交通情況，對最初規劃方案進行了優化，進而提出一個合適的綜合性規劃策略。以下是麗水市萬象山地區城市綜合性規劃策略的5 個不同層面和項目定位介紹。

5.1 區域劃分與不同建筑類型

5.1.1 政府意向與區域劃分

根據上述規劃，該地區劃分了4 個保護區和3 個需要建設約5 萬m2 新建筑的開發區。4個保護區包括麗水攝影文化中心、 萬象攝影文創園區、 萬象攝影坊、 萬象攝影自然休養區；3 個新建區包括商業與市民中心、 藝術家居住區、文化中心。

這一區域劃分既能確保遵守當地政府最初的規劃開發要求，又能促進土地高效利用。4個保護區在保持自然景觀和歷史背景的基礎上，進行交通改善與建筑保留，而3 個開發區在考慮保留現有功能的基礎上，仔細評估了與新增功能的整合，確保新的建筑空間能夠滿足麗水攝影節的需求。萬象山地區的分區策略兼顧了保護與開發，并各自采用不同的功能和建筑設計方案，以激活整個地區。

5.1.2 工業遺址

從現存建筑風貌來看，該區域內建筑多為紅磚廠房，體量相對較大，具有很好的保留和改造價值。其他原居住區域及部分體量較小的建筑區域稍顯凌亂，私搭亂建較為嚴重，無留存價值。經建筑評估后，確定了應保留的建筑風貌情況。考慮其建筑風格、材料和整體特點，辨識出具有歷史和文化意義的建筑物，這一過程確保了場地獨特的建筑身份。在拆除和場地清理過程中，基于生態建構的理念，對影響環境和產生廢物的潛在問題保持高度關注。實施策略為盡量減少廢棄材料，對拆除結構物中的材料進行再利用。在可行的情況下，對可再利用的材料（如磚塊、瓦片等）進行分類和儲存，以便將它們用于新的建筑中，這不僅減少了建筑廢物的產生，還為重新開發增添了一層真實性和連續性。

5.1.3 引綠入城

萬象山公園的漸進式綠色建設，強調“融山匯水，透綠進城”的設計理念，旨在保護當地生態，并促進可持續發展，同時滿足當地居民的居住需求。從市區向公園遞減開發強度，使生態環境和建筑設計相互融合，相互滲透。

在實地考察中，發現園區內自然植被茂盛，尤其是體態優美的桂花樹和茶花樹，形成了一個宜人的樹下空間，給人一種寧靜和舒適的感覺，仿佛進入了世外桃源。為盡可能地保護和保留這些樹木，并在園區內新增創意文化功能，考慮空間布局和景觀形態的合理性，以確保新功能與自然環境相協調。

根據樹木郁閉度、視線規劃、樹種和氣候條件，對現有場地樹木和新增綠化植被進行有機區域劃分和融合，以實現生態建設的目標。保護現有的樹木并結合新的種植計劃，創建一個綠色廊道體系，使項目場地與周邊城市景觀在視覺上暢通（圖4）。此外，基于不同建筑類型采納不同種植方法。

（1）三維庭院： 在市政商業區，實施垂直綠化，打造立體庭院。

（2）三維村落： 在藝術家駐留的藝術社區，引入綠化滲透。

（3）隱約聚落： 酒店文化區作為隱約的聚落。

多層建筑立面呈現三維的垂直綠化，藝術社區的綠色滲透體現建筑群體與植被環境圍合條件下的舒適性造園，隱約聚落的綠植劃分保證了獨棟酒店之間的私密性與聲環境的質量。

5.1.4 水系循環系統

水系循環系統的設計建立在現存場地的基礎上：第一，利用場地地勢設置雨水收集溝渠，使園區具有回收利用水資源功能，并實行低影響開發；第二，在重要節點處布置線性綠化帶和局部公共開放綠地，為居民提供休閑空間，并為節點的標識性提供基礎；第三，使網絡結構向濱水廣場延伸，加強水系與居民的聯系（圖5）。

5.1.5 交通組織系統

交通組織系統在現存場地的基礎上，設置二進一出的主街道，改善了單線程的原有道路情況，融入了可循環的車型系統和可達性較高的步行系統，由一個大的主循環覆蓋整個園區，次干道服務主干道的步行路線和交通樞紐（圖6）。

5.2 項目定位

將項目場地與具有地方特點的概念“世外桃源”相連接，體現了回歸起源、融入文化遺產，以及在自然環境中找到人居和諧的理念（圖7）。因此，項目團隊對“世外桃源”的要素進行了深入分析，了解地域性和生態建構，并沿用在項目中。同時，界定設計方案中應該融入的特定條件場地中，需要挖掘的可見和不可見的價值。

在整個設計過程中，這些概念不僅涵蓋場地的物理特征，還包含為其獨特地段做出貢獻的精神要素。認真考慮和融入這些概念，確保項目設計扎根于麗水市萬象山地區的空間格局，并與周圍城市環境產生共鳴。

5.3 區域劃分與不同建筑類型

在城市綜合性規劃策略的基礎上，劃分為3 個不同區域的理由為城市規劃原則和每個區域的預期功能（圖8）。

首先，不同的建筑群體與分區概念一致，并遵循《城市規劃指南》中規定的容積率。這確保了每個區域內的開發強度適合其預定用途，同時保持了整體的城市結構。

其次，分區反映了空間的戰略性劃分，以適應不同的功能和活動。商業及市民中心作為商業和市民活動的交流中心，需要較高的建筑結構（12 ～20m）來容納商業活動和社區聚會。藝術家駐留區旨在激發攝影藝術家的創意和培養攝影藝術家的社區感，因此傾向于較低的建筑群體（10～12m），以營造安靜且有利于藝術創作的氛圍。展覽+ 工作坊區滿足攝影節展覽和工作坊的需求，需要混合的建筑高度（10～ 15m），以容納各種展覽空間和工作坊設施。

最后，植被分類和水體考慮對于提升每個區域的功能性和氛圍至關重要。在商業及市民中心，采用城市庭院植被，創造宜人且可供公眾享用的綠地；而藝術家駐留區則以梯田景觀和開放空間為特點，以促進創意和寧靜。同樣，各種類型的水體，如廣場、噴泉、水花園、小溪和池塘，也被戰略性地融入每個區域，以補充整體設計和功能，貢獻一個充滿活力，且可持續的城市環境。

在3 個區域中，每個區域均有其特定的建筑群體、植被和水體，這一劃分是由城市規劃考慮、規定的容積率（FAR）和每個區域的預期功能共同驅動的。這種方法確保了開發既與環境協調，又響應社區需求，同時創建了一個充滿活力和可持續的城市環境。

本策略是基于當地政府提供的初步框架，并通過充分了解該地區的具體情況，探索如何利用“城市戰略的不同層次”來整合城市發展戰略。這種方法不僅確保地區發展與當地情況緊密結合，還能深入挖掘該地區的特色，為實施更具戰略性的城市發展計劃提供堅實基礎。應用多層次規劃中的具體技術，能夠將這些見解轉化為實際可行的規劃，確保腹地地區發展的全面性和可持續性。

中國的腹地地區正在經歷變革，需要重新考慮傳統的地區保護和擴展方法。現在，需要采用一種策略性的、經濟的、環保的方法，以最大化挖掘土地及資源的潛力。強調“最小干預，最大效果”的戰略，尊重每個農村遺產和背景的復雜性，創造多功能公共項目，使其成為經濟發展的催化劑。

6 結 語

本文在麗水腹地地區的研究中，通過清華大學建筑學院英語碩士課程教育進行的實際設計項目，突顯了當代中國發展與規劃的關鍵問題。該項目探索了中國城鄉發展的未來前沿——中國腹地地區所面臨的挑戰。研究發現，常規的城鄉規劃策略導致了麗水市萬象山地區大規模的不適當建筑干預。這一發現促使人們批判和反思在敏感的生態和文化背景下發展實踐的適宜性。綜合分析和設計提案，旨在為腹地發展提供一種更周到和可持續的方法。整合城市和建筑方面的考慮，倡導優先保護環境、文化，并關注社區空間的質量。

綜上所述，本研究中鼓勵利益相關者采取更全面和負責任的發展方法，尊重鄉村景觀的獨特特征，促進城鄉和諧發展。實質上，這項研究強調了在塑造腹地地區未來發展時知情決策和協作努力的重要性。采用創新設計策略并優先考慮人類和環境的福祉，可以為具有公平性、可彈性、可持續性的城鄉起到過渡作用。

參考文獻

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ORIGINAL TEXTS IN ENGLISH

Exploring Hinterland Design StrategiesThrough Educational Design Research inWanxiang Mountain， Lishui， Zhejiang

Hosomi Shishito

0 Introduction

This paper describes the results of a designresearch studio conducted in 2023 by the English Master Program in Architecture at Tsinghua University’sSchool of Architecture， in which the author was oneof the participants. The studio’s aim was to exploreexploring alternative strategies for developing China’shinterland. Often overlooked， these areas between thevery rural and the highly urban require specific designstrategies. The studio aimed to explore potentialapproaches for addressing prevalent topics in thisrealm through a multi-disciplinary collaboration ofprofessors from various backgrounds and a diversegroup of students， both local and international， frommaster and undergraduate programs.

The objective of the studio was to introducea project strategy that could be applied to similar，typically overlooked areas situated between the urbanand rural， and aims to envision new ways of developingthis Hinterland， which itself is facing significantupheaval. The paper outlines the Hinterland as the‘Next Frontier’， identifies the issues in the chosen site，summarizes the teaching and research methods applied，describes the resulting studio project， and concludeswith recommendations learned from this studio thatcould be useful for further research.

1 The Hinterland as the Next Frontier

Since the reform and opening-up policies of1978， China initially prioritized urbanization in itsmodernization efforts[1]. This focus on urbanizationdrove rapid economic growth and modernization，but also brought about challenges such as regionalinequalities， increased real estate prices， environmentalpollution， and cultural homogenization. In response tothese adverse effects， there has been a noticeable shiftin in the past two decades towards recognizing thepotential of rural areas， including the national RuralRevitalization strategy and the abolishment of the taxon farmers， which was effective in supporting urbandevelopment. Rather than replicating urban modelsin rural settings， this shift aims to promote a moresustainable way of life and a balanced relationshipwith nature， and a way to return and divert someof the economic benefits of urban progress to thedevelopment of the countryside.

The displacement of the rural population andsubsequent changes in settlement patterns haveled to a uniquely Chinese situation， which Araghiand Ghosh S and Meer A describe as ‘globaldepeasantization’[2-3]. This issue is closely tied tothe phenomenon of amenity migration[4]， involvesthe exploitation of natural and cultural resourcesin the countryside or other areas of significantenvironmental value. It has also driven an expansionin suburbanization[5]， with increased land consumptionand a redefined of the relationships between corecities and their surrounding areas. In the past years，national policies have emphasized a new urbanizationstrategy to reduce the urban-rural development gap，with the central government in the beginning of2024 even highlighting the construction of nationalstrategic hinterlands[6]. Zhejiang province has proposedcorresponding policies to promote new developmentmodels， aiming to create a pioneering example in ethnicregions， revitalizing old districts， and mountainousareas[7]. While these measures are crucial， planners andarchitects must reflect on these issues from a designperspective， engaging critically with alternative spatialconfigurations that promote novel ways of inhabitingand practicing in rural spaces[8].

As a result， the hinterland—the areas that liebetween urban and rural settings—emerges as thenext frontier in addressing these challenges. New types of development strategies will play a keyrole in China’s hinterland， making it an excellentarea to observe innovative trends and experimentalprojects. Therefore， this design research studioutilizes hinterland areas to contribute to new urbanruralplanning by integrating urban and architecturalconsiderations， providing a fresh perspective onsustainable and inclusive development.

2 Site Introduction： Wanxiang Mountain inLishui County Town， Zhejiang Province

For this studio， a site in Zhejiang Province’sLishui County was chosen. Lishui is a County Town，and a typical representative of the hinterland region，exhibiting significant urban-rural disparities andunderdeveloped infrastructure. Despite initiatives likethe Lishui Economic and Technological DevelopmentZone， overall construction progress is disjointed，and regional supporting facilities remain inadequate.The industrial layout transformation is incomplete，focusing primarily on traditional agriculture. Asa county town， Lishui does not directly benefitfrom the rural revitalization policies successfullyimplemented in other parts of the region， nor doesit enjoy the proximity to a central metropolis and itsurbanization strategies. This makes Lishui a typicalexample of a hinterland area that is often overlookedand missing out on development opportunities.Traditional development and design strategies， oftenbased on urban or rural models， do not apply wellhere. However， Lishui has sought to find its uniquecharacteristics and development potential， positioningitself as an ‘International Photography City，’ launchingChina’s first international photography festival andleveraging its central location in a photogenic areawith strong natural greenery[9].

The studio selected the abandoned industrialarea that sits within ‘Wanxiang Mountain’ as itssite. Located just outside the original historic citywalls and next to the main river， it was an industrialmanufacturing worksite during China’s industrialboom， with large factory halls for oil pump productionand related facilities like dormitories and canteens.As the industry was phased out and the townexpanded， this site became a prime location for newdevelopments. Following the success of Lishui’sinternational Photography Festival， it has served as atemporary exhibition site， but the town is seeking amore permanent development strategy. The WanxiangMountain site’s future has the potential to align withits unique positioning， traditional heritage， and recentcultural creative character. Various departments haveproposed plans for the area， with some investmentfirms suggesting purely commercial developments. The“2021-2030 Development Plan of Lishui InternationalPhotography City” has refined the regulatory plan forthe area， strengthening the conceptual framework andinitiating comprehensive land acquisition.

Given Lishui’s designation as a nationalecological protection and construction demonstrationarea， harmonizing human and natural ecosystemsis crucial. This involves preserving local flora andfauna without disrupting the natural environmentwhile improving its quality （Figure 1）. Expandingfunctions， incorporating more regional elements， andseeking a renewal development approach with localgovernments were essential to achieve consensusfrom multiple perspectives. This makes the WanxiangMountain site an exemplary case for the developmentof new， alternative strategies. The government’s“2021-2030 Development Plan of Lishui InternationalPhotography City” has already identified thispotential. However， the preliminary planning forthe Lishui Photography Park， which suggested asignificant increase in commercial structures to meeteconomic requirements， was based on existing urbandevelopment strategies. This made it an unrealisticand overly commercialized project for a site that didnot inhibit characteristics of its indentified potential，leaving local stakeholders without a clear path forward.

Therefore， developing alternative strategiesfor hinterland sites like Wanxiang Mountain is asignificant breakthrough in addressing developmentchallenges. This approach focuses on designingfor specific local conditions and increasing landuse efficiency. This initiative not only revitalizesabandoned urban areas but also provides anopportunity to develop a strategic design model forsimilar sites， offering a sustainable and innovativepath forward for hinterland development.

3 Intergrated Design Education

The research project spanned 16 weeks， with 8weeks dedicated to urban studies followed by 8 weeksfocused on architectural exploration. This extendedduration allowed for a thorough examination of bothurban and architectural aspects. At the same time， thestudio emphasized interdisciplinary collaboration，involving professors in architecture， and urbanplanning. A total of four professors， a dedicatedteaching assistant and fifteen students were involved.This effort brought together diverse perspectives andexpertise， fostering a rich and multifaceted approach tothe research. By bridging the gap between architectureand urban planning， the project aimed to exploresynergies and intersections between the two disciplines，ultimately leading to more holistic and integrateddesign solutions for the Wanxiang Mountain site.

Through this multidisciplinary collaboration，participants delved into the complexities ofhinterland development， drawing insights fromspatial design， environmental sustainability，community development， and cultural preservation.By harnessing the collective knowledge and skills ofboth architecture and urban planning professionals，the research project sought to address the multifacetedchallenges and opportunities associated withhinterland development more effectively.

4 Studio Method

The course involved solving a predeterminedurban design problem in a design studio format. Inthis setup students were guided by researchers andpractitioners through individual and group critiques，exercises， demonstrations， discussions， and occasionallectures， as well as an in-depth site visit. The studiostructure comprised three main components：

1） Comparative Case Study Methodology.

This approach incorporated the local culturalbackground and the cultural diversity of studentsfrom over ten countries. Exchange students fromPolitecnico di Milano as well as international and localundergraduate and graduate students collaborated indesign activities， fostering an inclusive， diverse andinternational educational environment.

2） Big Data Analysis.

Preliminary use of big data analysis， includinggeospatial data mining and spatial clustering，provided a comprehensive understanding of theactual site conditions. This method enabled a detailedexamination of the surrounding environment， such asland use patterns， urban infrastructure， and the spatialdistribution of Points of Interest （POI）. Integratingaltimetric points extracted from CAD software， ahigh-resolution digital elevation model （DEM） wasgenerated， offering a detailed assessment of theterrain and topography within the project area， whichfacilitated informed decision-making during theplanning and design process.

3） Field Investigation and Local Collaboration.

The team conducted field investigations，interviews， documentation and on site measurements.Additionally， they convened a discussion andexchange meeting with the local government andother stakeholders at the Lishui Photography Museum.During the meeting， team members shared insights onthe park’s conceptual framework， provided valuablerecommendations， and received constructive feedbackfor enhancing Lishui’s photography culture and industry.

This comprehensive approach to integrateddesign education and studio methodology enableda nuanced and effective exploration of development strategies for the Lishui hinterland， focused onsite specific understandings， contributing to moresustainable and contextually appropriate urban-ruralplanning.

5 Studio Results： Lishui Photography ParkApproach

The initial planning scheme for the “LishuiInternational Photography City” by the localgovernment adopted a commercial developmentmodel based on urban development strategies. Inthe proposed scheme， the high-density buildingclusters presented in the Wanxiang MountainPhotography Park neglected the natural environmentalcharacteristics of the hinterland and lacked economicfeasibility. The park possesses industrial heritage anda long historical context， as well as rich vegetationand landscape resources. The initial planningapproach considered a typical urban， high-densitycommercial area implantation， which give the localeconomic characteristics， would lead to inefficientland use and potentially ineffective capital investmentreturns. Therefore， it was necessary to reconsideralternative strategies that align with the characteristicsof the hinterland， embodying the strategy of “minimalinterventions with maximum effect.”

To a d d r e s s t h e s e c h a l l e n g e s ， s t r a t e g i cadjustments were made to meet the specificdevelopmental needs of Lishui. The initial landuse plan set by the government for the WangxiangMountain area defined the project constituentsaccording to general urban practice. It zoned the totalarea site into three sections， one for a new stand alonepublic building （A-1 area）， one for ‘preservation’ （A-2area） and one for ‘new construction’ （A-3 area）， whichstipulates a minimum Floor Area Ratio （FAR） of 1.3.This creates a large amount of floor area to be locatedon this site， and does not consider whether this areais needed， or whether the site can host this amountof square meter （Figure 2）. Therefore， as a first stepin the studio， adjustments were made to the sizingof the ‘new construction areas’， letting them overlapwith the ‘preservation zones’， while maintaining theFAR minimum of 1.3， but including the m2 that wasalready available on the site. This has two advantages.It first of all concentrated development in key areas，leaving room for natural landscapes and existing trees.Secondly， by reducing the scope of new constructionareas and accordingly decreasing the total requiredbuilding area， the constraints on existing buildings andsite conditions were alleviated， ensuring a project thatcould better fit the local economic characteristics， andalso allowed more freedom in spatial planning whileminimizing the investment and environmental impactof the project （Figure 3）.

The next planning steps were based on thisprinciple， followed by comparative case study and bigdata analysis， field investigations， and interviews withthe local government. Subsequently a comprehensiveanalysis of the existing vegetation location and types，terrain， rivers， building spaces， and traffic conditionswas done. This information was then used to definea suitable， comprehensive planning strategy. Thefollowing introduces the five different levels of urbanstrategy and project positioning for the WangxiangMountain area.

5.1 Five Layers of Urban Strategies

5.1.1 4+3 Zoning Strategy

According to the previous FAR strategy， the areais divided into four preservation zones， and three ‘newconstruction zones’. The preservation zones include：（1） Lishui Photography Cultural Center， （2） WanxiangPhotography Creative Industrial Park， （3） WanxiangPhotography Workshop， （4） Wanxiang PhotographyNature Retreat.

The three new construction zones include： （1）Commercial amp; Civic Hub， （2） Artists Residency， （3）Cultural Hub.

This zoning ensures compliance with the initialgovernment planning requirements while promotingeffective land use. The four preservation zones willmaintain the natural landscape and historical context，with improvements in transportation and the retentionof existing buildings. The three development zones，while preserving existing functions， have carefullyevaluated the integration of additional functions toensure that the new building spaces meet the needsof the Li Shui Photography Festival. The zoningstrategy for the Wangxiang Mountain area balancespreservation and development， each with distinctfunctions and architectural designs to activate theentire region.

5.1.2 Industrial Heritage

In terms of the existing architectural landscape，the buildings in this area are mostly red brickfactories with relatively large volumes， which havesignificant value for preservation and renovation.Other residential areas and some small-scale buildingareas appear somewhat disorderly， with prevalentunauthorized constructions that lack preservationvalue. After architectural assessment， the buildingsthat should be preserved have been identified. Thisincludes recognizing structures with historical andcultural significance， considering their architecturalstyle， materials， and overall characteristics. Throughthis process， the site’s unique architectural identityis ensured. During the demolition and site clearanceprocess， a high level of attention is maintained onpotential environmental impacts and waste generationbased on ecological construction principles.

Implementation strategies aim to minimize wastematerials by reusing and recycling materials fromdemolished structures. Whenever feasible， reusablematerials such as bricks， tiles， etc.， are carefullycategorized and stored for use in new constructions.This approach not only reduces construction wastebut also adds authenticity and continuity to theredevelopment process.

5.1.3 Green into the City

The gradual green development of WanxiangMountain Park emphasizes the concept of “green intothe city，” focusing on the protection and sustainabilityof the local ecology， while also taking into account theresidential needs of the local residents. This developmentstarts from the urban area and gradually diminishestowards the park area， with the ecology and architectureintertwining and infiltrating each other.

During the on-site investigation， it was foundthat the natural vegetation in the park is lush，especially the mature osmanthus and camellia trees，which create a pleasant space under the trees， givinga sense of tranquility and comfort， as if enteringa secluded paradise. To protect these trees， effortswill be made to retain them as much as possiblewhile introducing new creative cultural functionswithin the park. To ensure the harmony betweenthe new functions and the natural environment， theoverall vegetation of the project will be dividedinto different zones in Figure 4. Existing treeson the site and new greenery will be organicallyintegrated based on factors such as vegetationdensity， sightline planning， tree species， and climateconditions， achieving ecological constructionfor the project. By protecting existing trees andincorporating new planting plans， a green corridorsystem will be created， visually connecting theproject site with the surrounding urban landscape.Additionally， different planting methods are adoptedbased on different typologies of buildings：

3D Courtyard： In the municipal commercialarea， vertical greening will be implemented to create athree-dimensional courtyard.

3D Village： In the art community for residentartists， a green permeation strategy will be implementedto create a three-dimensional village.

（3） Hidden Village： In the hotel cultural area， ahidden village concept will be applied.

Vertical greening will be implemented on thefacades of multi-story buildings， while the greenpermeation in the art community will focus oncreating comfortable landscaping within the enclosedenvironment formed by the buildings and vegetation.The greenery division in the hidden village conceptensures the privacy between individual hotels and the quality of the acoustic environment. （Figure 4）.

5.1.4 Blue System

The design of the water circulation system isbased on the existing site conditions： first， utilizingthe topography of the site to set up rainwatercollection and drainage channels， enabling the parkto recycle water resources and implement low-impactdevelopment; second， arranging linear green belts andlocal public open green spaces at key nodes to providerecreational areas and serve as a foundation for nodeidentification; third， extending the network structureto the waterfront square to strengthen the connectionbetween the water system and the residents（Figure 5）.

5.1.5 Circulation System

The design of the transportation organizationsystem is based on the existing site conditions： settingup a two-in-one-out main street improves the originalsingle-thread road situation， incorporating a reversiblevehicle system and a highly accessible pedestriansystem. A large main loop covers the entire park， withsecondary roads serving the main road pedestrianroutes and transportation hubs（Figure 6）.

5.2 Positioning with Local Narrative

Linking the project site with a locally distinctiveconcept of “a Garden of Eden” （Shiwaitaoyuan），reflects the idea of returning to origins， integratingcultural heritage， and finding harmony in thenatural environment. Thus， a thorough analysis ofthe elements of this “Garden of Eden” has beenconducted， understanding regional and ecologicalconstructs， and incorporating them into the project（Figure 7）. Simultaneously， defining specificconditions for integration into the design scheme，uncovering both visible and invisible values of thesite that need to be explored. With this vision， theproject aims to transform the industrial heritage site intoa thriving center for creativity and cultural exchange，while preserving its unique identity and natural beauty.

Throughout the design process， these conceptsencompass both the physical features of the siteand the spiritual elements contributing to its uniquecharacter. By carefully considering and integratingthese concepts， the project design ensures a deepconnection to the spatial layout of the WanxiangMountain area in Lishui， resonating with thesurrounding urban environment.

5.3 Three Zones with Different ArchitecturalTypologies

On the basis of the urban strategy， the rationalebehind the establishment of three distinct zones liesin both urban planning principles and the desiredfunctionalities for each area（Figure 8）.

Firstly， the varying building masses are alignedwith the concept of zoning and adhere to prescribedFAR designated in the urban planning guidelines.This ensures that the development intensity withineach zone is appropriate for its intended use whilemaintaining a cohesive urban fabric.

Secondly， the zoning reflects a strategicpartitioning of space to accommodate differentfunctions and activities. The Commercial amp; Civic Hubserves as a bustling center for commerce and civicengagement， requiring taller structures （12-20 meters）to accommodate commercial activities and publicgatherings. On the other hand， the Artist Residency Zoneis designed to nurture creativity and community amongphotography artists， hence the preference for lowerbuilding masses （10-12 meters） to foster a tranquil andconducive atmosphere for artistic endeavors. Finally，the Exhibition + Workshop Zone caters to the needsof photography festival exhibitions and workshops，necessitating a mix of building heights （ranging from10 to 15 meters） to accommodate diverse exhibitionspaces and workshop facilities.

Thirdly， the classification of vegetation andthe consideration of water bodies are integral toenhancing the functionality and ambiance of eachzone. Urban courtyard vegetation may be employedin the Commercial amp; Civic Hub to create inviting andaccessible green spaces for public enjoyment， whileterraced landscapes and open spaces characterize theArtist Residency Zone to foster creativity and serenity.Similarly， different types of water bodies， such asplazas， fountains， water gardens， creeks， and ponds， arestrategically integrated into each zone to complement theoverall design and function， contributing to a vibrant andsustainable urban environment.

Across all three zones， the division of the siteinto three distinct zones， each with its own buildingmasses， vegetation， and water bodies， is driven bya combination of urban planning considerations，prescribed FAR guidelines， and the desiredfunctionalities for each area. This approach ensures thatthe development is both harmonious and responsive tothe needs of the community while promoting a vibrantand sustainable urban environment.

This strategy is based on the preliminaryframework provided by the local government andexplores how to utilize the “different levels of urbanstrategy” approach to integrate urban developmentstrategies through a thorough understanding of thespecific conditions of the area. This strategy integratesthe preliminary framework provides by the localgovernment with our in-depth research data， creatingdifferent levels in our urban redevelopment strategy.This approach not only ensures that developmentis closely tied to the local narrative but also deeplyexplores the unique characteristics of the region，providing a solid foundation for implementing morestrategic urban development plans. By applyingspecific techniques from multi-level planning，these insights can be translated into practical andfeasible plans， ensuring the comprehensiveness andsustainability of hinterland development.

China’s hinterland areas are undergoingtransformation， reconsidering traditional methods ofpreservation and expansion. The new proposal is toadopt a strategic， economical， and environmentallyfriendly approach to maximize the potential of theland and its resources， that fits with local developmentcharacteristics. Emphasizing a strategy of ‘minimalinterventions with maximum effect’， the planprioritizes the development of multifunctional publicprojects that respect the complexity of each ruralheritage and background， while acting as catalysts foreconomic development.

6 Conclusion

This paper described the study and definitionof the Wangxiang Mountain project in Lishui， asutilised in an educational design project in the EPMAof Tsinghua University’s School of Architecture. Ithighlighted key aspects of contemporary developmentand planning in China and took this site as arepresentative case to show the challenges facedin China’s hinterland， the next frontier in China’surban-rural development. The research found thatconventional urban and rural planning approaches inthe Wangxiang Mountain area led to inappropriatestarting points， with unrealistic ambitions， that did notconsider local market conditions and lead to unsuitablearchitectural strategies， necessitating a criticalreflection on the suitability of development practicesin sensitive ecological and cultural contexts. Throughcomprehensive analysis and design proposals， the studyaims to provide a more thoughtful and sustainableapproach to hinterland development by integratingurban and architectural considerations， advocating forenvironmental protection， cultural preservation， and theenhancement of community spaces.

This research encourages stakeholders to adoptholistic and responsible development methods thatrespect the unique characteristics of rural landscapesand promote harmonious urban-rural integration. Itemphasizes the importance of informed decisionmakingand collaborative efforts in shaping the futuredevelopment of hinterland areas. By employinginnovative design strategies and prioritizing thewell-being of people and the environment， a moreequitable， resilient， and sustainable urban-ruraltransition can be achieved.