書面表達命題特點及備考策略

北京 昝亞娟

高考堅持“價值引領、素養導向、能力為重、知識為基”的命題理念，不斷加大對考生的思維品質和創新能力的考查力度。書面表達通常是一套試卷中最大的亮點之一，但是由于種種原因，考生在書面表達寫作方面存在諸多問題，這導致考生書面表達題失分嚴重，考生應引起足夠的重視。

一、命題特點和趨勢

（一）寫作話題與時俱進，彰顯時代特色

2020—2023年新高考Ⅰ卷書面表達分析

從上表可知，2020—2023年新高考Ⅰ卷書面表達的話題密切聯系校園生活，貼近考生實際生活，并能夠再現生活經歷。寫作內容極具時代特色，反映了當代高中生校園生活的方方面面，且語篇類型逐年變化，較為豐富。

（二）試題的開放性漸強，凸顯能力立意

盡管近四年的書面表達都是提綱式作文，但是從試題的寫作提示來看，試題的開放程度逐步加大，考生需要自主決定寫作內容，這對考生分析問題和解決問題的能力提出了更高的要求，也意味著高考加大了對考生的思維品質考查的力度。

2023 年新高考Ⅰ卷的書面表達是讓考生以高中生李華的口吻給外教Ryan 寫一封郵件，表達自己對“將學生隨機分為兩人一組，讓大家課后練習口語”這種做法的不同看法，并提出一些合理的建議。部分考生由于思維能力不足且不善于分析問題，故無法提出相應的解決問題的方案，因而在寫作中存在較大的障礙。

（三）試題元素更加豐富，對接課程標準

近年的高考命題重視五育并舉，以促進考生在德智體美勞方面的均衡發展。因此，關于體育、藝術和勞動的話題頻頻出現在高考書面表達中。此外，2023年，新高考首次出現了練習口語的寫作情境，這充分說明高考落實了課程標準中規定的對新能力“說”的考查要求，也說明高考與課程標準的對接不斷增強。

（四）寫作情境貼近生活，考查思維品質

2023年新高考Ⅰ卷的書面表達聚焦英語實際教學，該情境真實而普遍，需要考生深入思考，并發表自己的觀點。可以推測的是，今后的英語書面表達命題將會保持更加開放的趨勢，凸顯對考生解決問題的能力和創新能力的考查。這一趨勢將為考生提供更加自由的發揮空間，有利于高校選拔出思維品質良好和語言能力強的優秀人才。

二、備考策略

首先，熟悉各類文體的基本結構，掌握相關表達

（一）交際性應用文的寫作

交際性應用文是高考書面表達的重要文體之一。書信類文體的寫作模式相對固定，考生可以通過研讀寫作范例，掌握該文體的語篇結構，并積累寫作素材，以提高寫作能力。我們以咨詢信為例，說明如何掌握交際性應用文的寫作。

【案例鏈接】

假定你是李華，得知某國際機構近期將在德國柏林舉辦國際青少年音樂大賽，你有意參加，請根據下面的寫作提示寫一封咨詢信。內容包括：

1.咨詢內容；

2.期待回復。

注意：

1.詞數80左右；

2.可以適當增加細節，以使行文連貫。

參考范文

Dear Sir/Madam,

My name is Li Hua, a student from China.Having learned that an international teenager music competition will be held in Berlin, Germany, I am writing to ask you for some information about it.

As a music lover, I began to learn how to sing when I was six.I am wondering whether you accept pop music.I am currently composing a song about school life.Could you tell me if original songs will be acceptable? I would be grateful if you could send me arrangements of the contest.I also would like to know how to join this competition.

I would appreciate it if you could give me an early reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

第一步：分析語篇類型及框架結構

本次寫作任務是寫一封咨詢信。咨詢信是寫信人就某一個問題向收信人進行咨詢，希望對方提供相關信息的一種專用書信。

咨詢信的寫作框架：

第一段陳述寫信的背景和咨詢的內容；

第二段得體地列出要咨詢的具體內容；

第三段表達需要得到幫助的迫切心情并表示感謝。

第二步：積累語言素材

寫信目的

I am writing to ask for more information about...

I am writing to inquire about some details about...

I am writing to make an inquiry about...

咨詢問題

I wonder if you could offer me some information about...

Would you be so kind as to answer the following questions?

Would you be so kind as to tell me...?

I also would like to know...

Besides, could you please tell me if...?

My last question is whether...

Faced with challenges, I was at a loss/confused.

I'm writing to seek your advice on how to...

Would you like to give me some advice on how to...?

結尾

I would appreciate it if you could give me some precious advice.

It would be highly appreciated if you would provide me with detailed information.

（二）非交際性應用文的寫作

非交際性應用文主要有新聞報道、專欄稿件和征文、圖表作文等。

1.新聞報道

新聞報道根據事實對最近所發生的事件進行實事求是的報道，為人們提供最新的信息。新聞報道的語言要求具體、準確、精練，時態以一般過去時為主。新聞報道一般由四個部分組成。

第一部分：標題（新聞的標題是對新聞內容的濃縮和概括）。

第二部分：導語（大體交代新聞事件，主要包括新聞事件發生的時間、地點，以及新聞事件中的人物等，簡明扼要地表達出新聞的核心內容）。

第三部分：主體（新聞報道的主要部分，它用充足的事實來描述事件過程，對導語的內容進行進一步的展開和闡述）。

第四部分：結束語（總結全文或發表評論）。

【案例鏈接】

上周，你校高三年級學生在操場上舉行了籃球比賽的決賽(the basketball final)，請你為校報的《英語園地》欄目寫一篇新聞報道。

內容包括：

1.比賽經過；

2.獲獎情況；

3.活動反響。

注意：

1.詞數80左右；

2.可以適當增加細節，以使行文連貫。

參考范文

The basketball final

On the afternoon of last Friday, the basketball final of Grade 12 was held on the playground, which was really exciting and impressive.

The match began at 4：00 pm.Four strong teams competed against each other for the prize.Our class played against Class 6, which is one of the strongest teams in our school.Not only do they have tall players, but they also have real skills.In the beginning, my class fell behind, but all the players didn't give up hope.They worked together and tried their best to make shot after shot.Finally, our team won by two points.

The activity was highly thought of by both students and parents.Not only did it provide a platform for us to release pressure and get exercise, but it also made us our school life more colorful.

2.專欄稿件、征文類

專欄稿件、征文類通常按照給出的標題、主題和寫作提綱的限制進行寫作。

考生應首先明確寫作目的和要求。專欄稿件和征文類的寫作通常會設定標題或主題，因此，考生在整個寫作過程中，應緊密地圍繞主題展開。此外，征文通常會有一定的字數限制，考生應合理地控制篇幅，并確保行文流暢。

【案例鏈接】

在我們成長的過程中，我們都曾經得到老師和家長的鼓勵。請以“The power of encouragement”為題為校報的《英語園地》欄目寫一篇稿件。

內容包括：

1.介紹你受到鼓勵的經歷；

2.分享你的感悟。

注意：

1.詞數80左右；

2.可以適當增加細節，以使行文連貫。

參考范文

The power of encouragement

We all need to be encouraged from time to time.Encouragement makes us feel warm and gives us strength to move forward.I still remember how my English teacher encouraged me when I was in a difficult situation.

Last year the English Speech Contest was held in my school.Though lacking experience, I signed up for it to challenge myself.However, I didn't know what to do.So I turned to my English teacher for help.Luckily, she encouraged me to try my best and promised to offer me some help.Not only did she check my draft, but she also invited me to practice in front of my class.Thanks to her encouragement and help, I managed to deliver my speech successfully.

It was my teacher's encouragement that gave me confidence and helped me grow.Now I firmly believe that I can do better if I keep on trying.

3.圖表作文

圖表作文要求考生根據柱狀圖或餅圖提供的數據進行分析，揭示這些數據所反映的某種現象，并針對這個問題發表個人看法。

圖表作文通常由三部分組成：第一段陳述數據的來源，引出話題；第二段逐一陳述數據，并概括反映的問題或現象；第三段針對這個問題發表個人看法或提出解決方案。

【案例鏈接】

最近某機構針對中學生的課外活動情況做了隨機性調查，結果如下圖所示。請結合柱狀圖提供的數據，為校報的《英語園地》欄目寫一篇稿件。

內容包括：

1.陳述數據；

2.分析原因；

3.個人看法。

注意：

1.詞數80左右；

2.可以適當增加細節，以使行文連貫。

What activities do students do after class?

參考范文

Recently, a survey has been conducted about what activities students do after class.The results are shown in the bar chart.

As we can see, 54.80% of the students spend their spare time working on their lessons to improve their scores while about one quarter (24.80%) play sports to relax themselves.12.00% students prefer entertainment, with 8.40% students doing other activities.

There are some reasons behind this.Getting good scores is students' main focus.That is why the majority of students still learn their lessons after class.Playing sports is a good way to keep fit and relax and students need entertainment to release pressure, which account for their preference for exercise and entertainment.

It is important to strike a balance between work and play.Students should choose a proper way to exercise their body and relax their mind.

其次，勇于嘗試高級表達，提升語言質量

在平時的寫作練習中，考生除了要對文章進行謀篇布局，還要有精品意識，盡量使用高級詞匯，提升句子的質量，以提高寫作的檔次，從而彰顯表達能力，贏得閱卷老師的青睞。我們一起來看看下面的例子。

1.The activity is interesting.We think our time and efforts worthwhile.Not only did we get close to nature, but we also knew more about the plants around us.We should take care of the plants around us and keep the balance of nature.

升級表達：This activity has benefited us in many ways.Not only did we have a better understanding of the plants around us, but we also realized the importance of protecting the ecosystem.Only by taking good care of the plants around us, can we keep the balance of nature and achieve sustainable development.

2.This activity aims to help us live a green life.You can let members do some voluntary work.It can help them know the importance of going green.Why not organize a rubbish picking activity to make our city clean?

升級表達：Since this is an activity aiming to promote green living, I recommend you should get club members involved in some voluntary work, which can help them realize how important it is to live a green life.It is also a good idea to organize a rubbish picking activity so that we can can make our city cleaner with our hands.

3.You can design a poster about the activity and post it in public places.It can help people to realize that they should make their city a better place.

升級表達：It is advisable to design a poster about the activity and post it in public places.By doing so, you can help people to realize that it is everyone's responsibility to make our city a better place.

最后，要具有與目標讀者交流的意識，關注語言的得體性

書面表達為考生提供了各種各樣的寫作情境，目標讀者可能是外國網友、外教、交換生、留學生、某英語期刊的編輯或某國際機構的負責人，因此在寫作時，考生要注意寫出的內容應符合具體的交際情境，使用得體的語言進行交流，以圓滿完成交際任務。如果考生使用的語言不得體，文章就會顯得語言唐突、表達生硬。這些硬傷會拉低文章的寫作檔次，最終成為扣分點。例如：

1.I am Li Hua from Class 3.Knowing that we are going to be divided into groups of two at random, I'm writing with heartfelt sincerity to point out some problems and offer my suggestions.

這是寫給外教的一封書信，第一段最后一句中的point out some problems 語言過于直白，有可能冒犯外教，達不到交際的目的。因此，此處可改為“I'm writing to share my thoughts with you and offer some suggestions.”。這樣外教讀起來更舒服，會愿意傾聽寫信人的觀點，從而做出調整。

2.Hopefully, my suggestions will be adopted.

本句的表達帶有漢語表達的痕跡，不符合交際語境。建議信的最后一段通常以“I hope you will take my suggestions into consideration.”結尾，以表達希望對方考慮自己的建議。

總之，要想寫好書面表達，我們不僅需要掌握英語文章的寫作方法，還需要具備扎實的語言基本功和良好的思維品質和創新能力。寫作技能的提高不是一蹴而就的，需要長期的積累和訓練。我們要勤于思考，持續練習，努力提升語言能力、思維品質和創新能力，爭取在高考中取得佳績。