


[摘要]目的比較血管造影(DSA)與經食管超聲心動圖(TEE)引導下行經皮卵圓孔未閉(PFO)封堵術的可行性、安全性和有效性。
方法2018年1月—2022年12月,山東第一醫科大學第一附屬醫院住院治療的不明原因腦卒中和藥物治療無效的PFO相關性偏頭痛332例,所有病人均接受經皮PFO封堵術治療。根據其引導方式分為TEE組 101例, DSA組231例;根據病因分為偏頭痛組151例和隱匿性腦卒中組181例。回顧性分析病人的臨床特征、超聲心動圖、術中及術后1年隨訪等臨床資料。
結果DSA組和TEE組的手術成功率與手術并發癥發生率無顯著差異,但TEE組的手術時間更長、住院費用更高(t=5.125,Z=8.265,P<0.001)。偏頭痛組和隱匿性腦卒中組的手術成功率和并發癥發生率與總體結果相一致。隨訪1年偏頭痛亞組DSA和TEE病人的HIT-6評分差異無統計學意義;隱匿性腦卒中亞組DSA病人復發腦卒中3例(2.2%),而TEE病人無腦卒中復發者,但差異無統計學意義。
結論TEE和DSA引導下經皮PFO封堵術,在手術成功率、并發癥發生及術后1年療效等方面無明顯差異,但在手術時長和住院費用方面DSA病人更具優勢。
[關鍵詞]卵圓孔,未閉;心血管造影術;超聲心動描記術,經食管;偏頭痛;卒中;治療結果
[中圖分類號]R541.1;R540.45
[文獻標志碼]A
[文章編號]2096-5532(2024)04-0528-05doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2024.60.111
[開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]
[網絡出版]https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20240829.1342.004;2024-08-3017:34:43
Safety and efficacy of digital subtraction angiography versus transesophageal echocardiography in guiding percutaneous patent foramen ovale occlusion
SUN Chong, SHI Peixuan, SONG Wenhui, WU Lizhou, WANG Haiyan
(Department of Medical Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shangdong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Abdominal Medical Imaging, Jinan 250013, China)
; [Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) versus transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in guiding percutaneous patent foramen ovale (PFO) occlusion.
MethodsA total of 332 patients with PFO-related migraine due to unexplained stroke or no response to pharmacotherapy who were hospitalized in The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University from January 2018 to December 2022 were enrolled, and all patients underwent percutaneous PFO occlusion. According to the guidance method, they were divided into TEE group with 101 patients and DSA group with 231 patients, and according to the etiology, they were divided into migraine group with 151 patients and occult stroke group with 181 patients. A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data including clinical features, echocardiog-
raphy, intraoperative data, and one-year postoperative follow-up.
ResultsThere wereno significant differences between the DSA group and the TEE groupin surgical success rate and the incidence rate of surgical complications, but the TEE group had a significantly longer time of operation and significantly higher hospitalcosts (t=5.125,Z=8.265,P<0.001). Surgical success rate and the incidence rate of complications in the migraine group and the occult stroke group were consistent with the overall results. One-year follow-up showed no significant difference in HIT-6 score between the patients undergoing DSA and those undergoing TEE in the migraine subgroup; in the occult stroke subgroup, 3 patients (2.2%) experienced the recurrence of stroke among the patients undergoing DSA, while no patient experienced such recurrence among the patients undergoing TEE, without a significant difference.
ConclusionThere areno significant differences between TEE-and DSA-guided percutaneous PFO occlusion in surgical success rate, the incidence rate of complications, and 1-year postoperative outcome, but patients undergoing DSA tend to have advantages in the time of operation and hospital costs.
[Key words]foramen ovale, patent; angiocardiography; echocardiography, transesophageal; migraine; stroke; treatment outcome
卵圓孔未閉(PFO)是成人中最常見的先天性心臟異常,發生率約25%[1]。在大多數情況下,PFO不需要治療。但在某些特殊情況下,PFO可能會導致嚴重并發癥,包括卒中和非卒中性疾病,如偏頭痛、減壓病、斜臥呼吸-直立性低氧血癥和系統栓塞等[2-4],這些情況下通常需要治療。臨床上最常見的是PFO相關性腦卒中和偏頭痛,目前多個國家制定了PFO相關性卒中治療指南,推薦對此類病人行PFO封堵治療[5-8]。對于PFO相關性偏頭痛,張玉順等[9]制定的中國專家共識認為,有心房水平持續性右向左分流、合并房間隔膨出瘤、中大量右向左分流/易栓傾向及先兆性偏頭痛病人可能通過PFO封堵治療獲益。血管造影(DSA)和經食管超聲心動圖(TEE)是目前行經皮PFO封堵術最常用的兩種引導方式,但以往對其優劣性研究較少,也未見進行偏頭痛、腦卒中的分組研究。本研究旨在評估這兩種引導方式的可行性、安全性和有效性,從而為PFO病人選擇治療方式提供依據。
1資料與方法
1.1對象選擇
根據現有的指南及專家共識,納入2018年1月—2022年10月于山東第一醫科大學第一附屬醫院住院治療的332例接受經皮PFO封堵術病人。納入標準:①不明原因腦卒中;②藥物難治性偏頭痛并且未明確其他偏頭痛機制;③右心聲學造影(c-TTE)為Ⅱ~Ⅲ級。排除標準:①房間隔缺損;②其他原因引起的偏頭痛及腦卒中;③心腔內血栓形成,或合并心房顫動(房顫);④合并嚴重肺動脈高壓或者PFO為特殊通道;⑤感染性疾病、妊娠、抗血小板或抗凝治療禁忌證。其中,DSA引導231例,TEE引導101例。根據病因不同將病人分為偏頭痛組151例和隱匿性腦卒中組(腦卒中組)181例。本研究已經完成美國臨床注冊(clinicaltrials.gov,注冊號NCT06192173)。
1.2診斷與評估方法
所有病人經胸超聲心動圖聯合c-TTE檢測到Ⅱ~Ⅲ級右向左分流(RLS)[10]。在封堵術前均行TEE檢查,觀察房間隔解剖結構及心房水平的分流情況。隱源性腦卒中病人均行顱腦CT掃描(或MRI)及腦血管CTA檢查、頸動脈和椎動脈超聲多普勒檢查等,偏頭痛病人均行頭痛影響測評量表-6(HIT-6)[11]評估偏頭痛嚴重程度。
1.3引導方法及效果評估
DSA組采用表面麻醉穿刺股靜脈,選擇DSA下經皮經股靜脈路徑,在右心房內PFO部位進行高壓造影確定其位置及大小,選擇合適封堵器進行封堵,術前及術后即刻行TTE監測。記錄手術時間及透視時間。TEE組在氣管插管靜脈麻醉下通過TEE二維及彩色多普勒檢查明確PFO位置、大小及分流情況,選擇合適輸送鞘和封堵傘,采用與DSA組相同的手術途徑,TEE全程引導封堵過程及術后即刻評估。
這兩種引導方式均由高年資及年輕介入科醫生各1名和1名超聲科醫生完成,TEE組額外需要1名麻醉醫生。手術即刻成功定義為封堵器順利置入,超聲心動圖評估封堵器位置形態良好,對毗鄰結構無影響,心房水平無殘余分流,無心包積液、無出血、無心律失常。術后常規給予抗血小板治療,口服阿司匹林(100 mg,每天2次)或阿司匹林(100 mg,每天1次)聯合氯吡格雷(75 mg,每天1次)6個月。出院前行TTE及心電圖檢查。所有病人接受術后12個月的門診隨訪,主要內容包括臨床表現、TTE及c-TTE、心電圖檢查等項目,對偏頭痛病人記錄HIT-6及△HIT-6評分,腦梗死病人是否有卒中復發。手術短中期成功率定義為術后12月封堵器位置形態良好,c-TTE檢查顯示左心腔微氣泡數量<10個/幀,無新發心律失常等。
1.4統計學分析
采用SPSS 22.0軟件進行統計學處理。計量資料數據正態分布者采用±s表示,非正態分布者用M(P25~P75)表示,分類變量用頻率(占總數的百分比)表示,運用兩獨立樣本t檢驗、卡方檢驗、Fisher確切概率法和非參數Mann-Whitney U檢驗等進行組間比較。所有檢驗均為雙尾檢驗,以P< 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1病人基線臨床特征及其分組比較
PFO封堵術病人(總樣本組)332例,按照病因分為PFO相關腦卒中(腦卒中組)181例,PFO相關性偏頭痛(偏頭痛組)151例;按照封堵術誘導方式分為DSA組231例,TEE組101例。總樣本組、腦卒中組和偏頭痛組基線臨床特征在不同封堵術誘導方式之間比較,差異均無統計學意義。見表1。所選用的PFO封堵器均為國產封堵器,DSA組84%病人選擇最常用的18/25 mm 和25/25 mm封堵器,TEE組93%病人選擇這兩個型號。
2.2DSA組和TEE組圍手術期相關資料比較
DSA組4例病人心房造影未能發現確切PFO而終止手術,TEE組則有2例導管導絲未能通過PFO,但兩組手術即刻成功率無統計學差異。TEE組中有2例是DSA引導封堵失敗轉為TEE引導封堵成功。TEE組病人較DSA組的手術時間更長且住院費用更高,差異均有統計學意義(Z=4.693~8.265,t=3.759~5.125,P<0.001)。兩組病人均未出現圍手術期房顫、腦缺血及心包積液等并發癥。兩組病人住院天數無差異。腦卒中亞組和偏頭痛亞組圍手術期相關指標與總體結果相近。見表2。
2.3封堵術后12個月隨訪結果比較
隨訪12個月結果顯示,總體上DSA組病人較TEE組遺留更多Ⅱ級或以上殘余右向左分流,差異有統計學意義(Fisher確切概率法,P<0.05)。在偏頭痛亞組中,盡管DSA組較TEE組遺留更多Ⅱ級或以上殘余右向左分流病人、△HIT-6評分較低,但二者差異均無統計學意義。在隱匿性腦卒中亞組中,盡管DSA引導封堵的病人似乎有較TEE引導者更多出現Ⅱ級或以上殘余右向左分流的趨勢,以及更高的復發性腦卒中發生率,但二者差異均無統計學意義。見表3。
3討論
多個國家的PFO封堵指南或專家共識或者多項臨床研究均認為,封堵PFO對于預防不明原因腦卒中復發、治療難治性偏頭痛并且不合并其他偏頭痛發生機制的病人是有價值的[12-16,9]。本研究對比DSA與TEE的結果顯示,DSA組和TEE組手術即刻成功率、短中期成功率與手術并發癥發生率無顯著差異,但TEE組手術時間更長、住院費用更高。隨訪12月結果顯示,接受兩種不同引導方式的偏頭痛亞組病人偏頭痛改善程度、隱匿性腦卒中亞組復發腦卒中發生率均無明顯差異。
本研究所有病人中DSA組與TEE組的手術即刻成功率比較,差異無統計學意義。但TEE相比于DSA可能具有以下優勢。①TEE空間分辨率高,可以更直觀準確地觀察卵圓孔大小、形態、原發隔活動度以及PFO毗鄰結構,并可根據3D-TEE測量的卵圓窩大小來選擇合適型號的封堵器[17-18]。②在封堵術中TEE可以實時監控并指引導絲、導管精準通過PFO[19-21]。對于通過困難的病人,將輸送鞘頂在PFO的右房側開口處使用導絲反復嘗試,成功率更高。本研究中有2例病人在DSA引導下導管無法通過PFO,隨后在TEE引導下封堵成功。③TEE可直視觀察病人在封堵器置入即刻的形態、位置及殘余分流,可及時發現術中并發癥,比如卵圓孔內膜夾層、心包積液、封堵器表面血栓形成等[22]。盡管術中TEE引導具有諸多優勢,但它也存在局限性,因為TEE引導術中需全身麻醉[23],并且需TEE全程進行術中引導。
本研究中TEE和DSA引導下PFO封堵術的術中及術后短期并發癥無顯著差異,表明這兩種引導方式都是安全可靠的。盡管TEE探頭在術中長時間操作可能導致病人咽喉或食管不適,全麻也存在麻醉相關風險,且其總手術時間也會更長,但本研究顯示DSA組與TEE組術后住院時間并無明顯差異,表明無術中或術后并發癥需要額外處理。雖然TEE引導下PFO封堵術的精準度似乎更高,但因DSA具備安全、快速與高效等特點[24],DSA引導仍是目前主流手段。然而,對某些形態特殊PFO、預計手術操作難度大、有放射線禁忌證等病人,仍建議行TEE引導下封堵術。
以往研究將PFO封堵成功定義為封堵器與房間隔貼合良好,術后6個月c-TCD或c-TTE顯示左心微氣泡<10個/幀[25]。本研究考慮到封堵治療后6個月內病人持續抗血小板治療會影響臨床療效評估,故最終將封堵術后12個月獲得的超聲復查結果作為評判依據。本研究結果表明,所有病人封堵器位置形態良好,對毗鄰結構無擠壓或磨損,彩色多普勒超聲檢查提示心房水平無分流,并且在所有病人及偏頭痛亞組病人中,TEE引導封堵病人c-TTE顯示殘余分流發生率明顯低于DSA組,考慮可能與根據TEE結果選擇封堵器更加適合有關。
多國指南指出,對60歲以下PFO相關性卒中病人強烈建議封堵PFO[26-29]。本研究中隱匿性腦卒中亞組有3例(2.2%)病人術后1年內復發腦卒中,均為DSA引導封堵的病人。雖然近年來PFO封堵術治療偏頭痛仍存在爭議,但2023年張玉順等[9]對國內人群長期研究后制定的專家共識指出,對于藥物難治性偏頭痛,如果未發現其他引起偏頭痛的機制并且有先兆、合并房間隔膨出瘤、RLS為中大量的病人,可以行PFO封堵術。本研究偏頭痛亞組中PFO封堵治療獲得令人滿意的短中期結果,這與先前研究結果一致[30-31]。
本研究尚存在一些局限性。首先,作為一項回顧性研究,課題設計存在一定缺陷;其次,樣本量偏小、單中心研究、術后隨訪時間較短,未來需要納入更多受試者的多中心研究以獲得更可靠的結果??傊?,TEE和DSA引導下的PFO封堵術均安全、可行和有效,僅在手術時長和住院費用這兩方面,DSA病人更具優勢。這兩種引導方式對隱匿性腦卒中和藥物難治性偏頭痛均取得了良好的治療效果,值得在臨床上推廣應用。
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(本文編輯于國藝)