在限制性定語從句中,that和which是比較常見的兩個關(guān)系代詞。在有的定語從句中,既可以使用that作關(guān)系代詞,又可以使用which作關(guān)系代詞,兩者可以通用。但也存在一些特殊情況,有的定語從句的關(guān)系代詞只能用that而不能用which。下面,筆者將結(jié)合具體的例句,說一說定語從句中只能用that不能用which的幾種常見情況。
一、當(dāng)先行詞被all,every,much,some,few,only,very,no,any,just等詞修飾時,關(guān)系代詞只能用that不能用which。
例句1:We will do all things that we can do to protect the environment.(我們會做我們能做的全部事情去保護環(huán)境。)
例句2:This is the only pencil that I can find in this room.(這是我能在這個房間里找到的唯一一支鉛筆。)
例句3:There is no person that don’t make mistakes.(沒有人不犯錯。)
例句4:You can take any seat that is free.(你可以坐任何空著的座位。)
例句5:Much that I learned in this book is useful. (我在這本書里面學(xué)到的很多東西都很有用。)
二、當(dāng)先行詞為everything,nothing,something,anything,none,the one等詞時,關(guān)系代詞只能用that不能用which。
例句6:Finally,the thief handed in everything that he had stolen.(最終,這個小偷上交了他偷的所有東西)
例句7:Is there anything that I can do for you?(有什么我能為你做的事嗎?)
例句8:The teacher told the students something that they should do.(老師告訴了學(xué)生們他們該做的事。)
例句9:She knows nothing that happened last night.(她對昨晚發(fā)生的事一無所知。)
三、當(dāng)先行詞是最高級或是被最高級修飾時,關(guān)系代詞只能用that不能用which。
例句10:This is the best that has been used against pollution.(這是用過最好的抵抗污染的東西了。)
例句11:It is the most interesting book that I ever read.(這是我讀過的最有趣的書。)
四、當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞(the first,the second,the third,the last等)或是被序數(shù)詞修飾時,關(guān)系代詞只能用that不能用which。
例句12:It is the last bus that will go to the town.(這是去鎮(zhèn)上的最后一班巴士。)
例句13:The first thing that I am going to do is to watch TV.(我要做的第一件事就是看電視。)
例句14:This is the second film that has been shown.(這是第二部放映的電影。)
五、當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時,關(guān)系代詞只能用that不能用which。
例句15:We are talking about the people and the scenery that we have visited.(我們在討論我們見過的人和游覽過的風(fēng)景。)
例句16:The painter and his paints that you have just talked about are really famous.(你剛剛提到的那位畫家和他的畫確實很有名。)
六、當(dāng)主句為疑問句,且已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了who或者which時,定語從句用that作為關(guān)系詞。
例句17:Who is the person that is standing over there?(站在那里的那個人是誰?)
例句18:Which is the axe that you lost?(你丟的斧頭是哪一把?)
以上是幾種常見的定語從句中只能用that不能用which作關(guān)系詞的情況。我們在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中一定要留心觀察,在做題時仔細比對,爭取在運用時不出錯。
(作者單位:云南省個舊市第一中學(xué))