






摘要:【目的】試圖闡明鮮食糯玉米籽粒授粉后不同時期主要營養成分的動態變化。【方法】以10 個糯玉米品種為材料,采用完全隨機區組設計,分析灌漿期中籽粒蔗糖、可溶性糖、淀粉、蛋白質含量變化規律及營養品質與品質品嘗的相關性。【結果】結果表明,甜玉米籽粒中蔗糖和可溶性糖含量均為單峰變化曲線,蛋白質含量始終保持上升趨勢,飼料玉米中粗蛋白含量與粗脂肪含量始終保持上升趨勢,而糯玉米籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖、蛋白質含量呈現下降趨勢,淀粉含量呈現上升趨勢,因此糯玉米籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖、蛋白質含量持續下降是糯玉米特有的營養變化規律,各品種灌漿后期蛋白質含量變化幅度較小。鮮食糯玉米的籽粒營養成分中蒸煮品質與蔗糖含量(0.4599**)、可溶性總糖含量(0.4728**)之間呈極顯著正相關,蔗糖含量與蛋白質含量(0.7949**)呈極顯著正相關,蔗糖含量與可溶性總糖含量(0.5642**)之間呈極顯著正相關;鮮食糯玉米淀粉含量與蔗糖含量呈極顯著負相關(-0.4275**)。【結論】10個糯玉米品種的蒸煮品質與蔗糖、可溶性糖的相關系數較高,蒸煮品質與可溶性糖、蔗糖的濃度呈正相關,對甜糯的喜愛程度越高,因此蒸煮品質與營養成分相關性對定向選育營養又好吃的新品種具有一定指導作用。
關鍵詞:鮮食糯玉米;品質;品嘗;營養品質
Study On Variation Of Grain Nutritional Quality Of Waxy Maize
YANG Minghua1*,LIAO Biyong,LIU Qiang,PEN Yuncheng,Da Wulai·Jie Keshan,Feng Guorui
(1、Institute of Agricultural Science of Ili Prefecture, Yining, 835000,China; 2、nbsp;Institute of""Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014)
Abstract:【Objective】To clarify the dynamic changes in the main nutritional components of fresh waxy corn grains at different stages after pollination.【Method】Using 10 waxy corn varieties as materials, a completely randomized block design was used to analyze the changes in grain sucrose, soluble sugar, starch, and protein content during the filling period, as well as the correlation between nutritional quality and quality taste.【Result】The results showed that the content of sucrose and soluble sugar in sweet corn grains were unimodal change curves, the protein content always maintained an increasing trend, and the crude protein content and crude fat content in feed corn always maintained an increasing trend.The results showed that the soluble sugar, sucrose, and protein content in waxy corn grains showed a downward trend, while the starch content showed an upward trend. Therefore, the continuous decrease in soluble sugar, sucrose, and protein content in waxy corn grains is a unique nutritional change pattern of waxy corn. The decline rate is relatively fast in the early stage of filling, and gradually slows down in the middle and later stages. The protein content of each variety changes slightly in the later stage of filling. There is a highly significant positive correlation between cooking quality, sucrose content (0.4599**) and total soluble sugar content (0.4728**); sucrose content and protein content (0.7949**); sucrose content and total soluble sugar content (0.5642**); there is a highly significant negative correlation between starch content and sucrose content in fresh waxy corn (-0.4275**).【Conclusion】The correlation coefficient between cooking quality and sucrose and soluble sugar of 10 waxy maize varieties was higher, indicating that cooking quality was positively correlated with the concentration of soluble sugar and sucrose. The higher the preference for sweet and glutinous maize varieties, the more directional breeding of new varieties with nutrition and taste.
Keywords:"fresh waxy corn; quality; tasting; nutritional quality
【研究意義】糯玉米品質是一個綜合指標,其中營養成分含量的高低不僅影響營養品質,而且對食用品質等也有重要影響[1-6]。營養品質是鮮食糯玉米綜合品質評價的重要指標[7]。對授粉后籽粒品質主要成分變化規律的認識有助于確定鮮果穗最佳采收期,同時對糯玉米品種的品質改良也具有一定的指導意義。【前人研究進展】前人的研究大多側重于鮮食糯玉米收獲后的品質變化研究[8],以及不同栽培措施對鮮食玉米品質的影響[9],國外對糯玉米品質的研究主要集中在淀粉特性和支鏈淀粉加工等工業用途方面[10-13],而探究采收期內營養成分變化的研究相對較少。【本研究切入點】以往研究多集中在個別品種授粉后籽粒維生素、淀粉和含水量變化趨勢方面[14-16],有關糯玉米授粉后品種間籽粒蔗糖、可溶性糖、淀粉及蛋白質含量變化動態規律、營養成分相關性研究尚較少報道。【擬解決的關鍵問題】本研究以10 個糯玉米雜交種為材料,探討籽粒灌漿過程中重要營養品質成分和蒸煮品質之間的相關性, 旨在為鮮食玉米蒸煮品質、營養品質及品種優培優育提供參考。
1材料與方法
1.1試驗區概況
本研究于2022年在伊犁州農業科學研究所試驗地進行。海拔629.5米,經度81.38°,緯度43.93°,土壤肥力中等,采用滴灌設計,大田常規管理。土壤基本理化性狀如下:pH 8.0,有機質1.78%,全氮0.08%,全磷0.27%,堿解氮88.27ppm,速效磷40.84ppm,速效鉀238.88ppm。試驗區為典型的半干旱農業區,一年一熟。
1.2 試驗設計
本試驗采用隨機區組設計,3次重復,每個小區6行,行長5m,面積30m2,寬窄行種植,行距40×60cm。供試品種為蘇科糯1501、香甜糯968、糯香389、彩甜糯001、蘇科糯1505、蘇科糯1801、蘇科糯1901、蘇科糯338、蘇科糯12和蘇科糯212。
1.3營養品質分析
各糯玉米品種授粉后的第10、15、20、25、30、35、40和45 d同一時間(上午9:30左右)取樣。每小區選3個長勢一致的果穗,每個果穗中部取鮮粒,混勻后迅速轉入烘箱,在105 ℃條件下殺青30 min,60"℃烘干至恒質量,測定其營養品質分析。
1.4感官品嘗鑒定方法
每個小區自交授粉十株,授粉后25 d 采收果穗。作為人工品嘗樣品。每個品種隨機編號,各取3個果穗,大火蒸煮30min,每個品種每穗橫切取中段,每段再縱切為5塊,10名品嘗員都應品嘗同一糯玉米的相同部位,以獲得較一致的樣品感覺。檢驗開始時,用水漱口。檢味時用整個舌面品味,口中停留的時間不宜太長。一級口感應是柔軟細膩,黏性強,皮薄無渣,有少許清香味和甜味,咀嚼輕松舒服。一級外觀應具有本品種固有特征,果穗結實飽滿,籽粒排列整齊,無縫隙,色澤純正,蒸煮后籽粒晶瑩透亮,商品性好。將各品嘗員對各樣品的打分匯總,進行方差分析表進行顯著性檢驗。品嘗鑒定設置三次重復,每次品嘗重復之間安排休息5分鐘。品嘗性鑒定參照 NY/T 523-2020 標準執行,性狀得分比例如下:綜合外觀21-30分;品嘗品質得分42-70分,分別為:氣味4-7分,色澤4-7分,糯性10-18總分為63-100分。
1.4數據統計分析
采用Microsoft Excel"2003進行數據整理,采用DPS7.05進行數據分析。
2結果與分析
2.1鮮食糯玉米品質品嘗鑒定結果
將各品嘗員對10個糯玉米的品質品嘗評分匯總,進行方差分析,并進行顯著性檢驗,差異顯著,結果如表1。10種糯玉米之間風味品質的評分法多重比較結果如表2。
結果表明:糯玉米品質品嘗排序蘇科糯1801品質最好,其次是蘇科糯1505,最差的是蘇科糯12和蘇科糯212。
2.2 鮮食糯玉米可溶性糖含量動態變化
從圖1可以看出,玉米灌漿期的籽粒可溶性總糖含量在不同的鮮食糯玉米品種以及不同的取樣時間之間均呈現差異,隨著灌漿期的推遲,籽粒可溶性總糖含量呈現下降趨勢,但不同品種的變化速率不同,灌漿中后期可溶性糖含量變化幅度平穩。授粉后20-30d,蘇科糯1501、香甜糯968、糯香389、彩甜糯001、蘇科糯1505、蘇科糯1801、蘇科糯1901、蘇科糯338、蘇科糯12和蘇科糯212可溶性糖含量變化范圍為5.8-6.2%%、6.9%-8.6%、5.6%-10.9%、5.4%- 10.0%、6.3%-9.0%、7.4%-9.3%、5.2%-6.8%、2.6%-5.2%、4.9%-5.95和4.4%-5.8%。結果表明,蘇科糯12、蘇科糯212的可溶性糖下降最快;蘇科糯1801、蘇科糯1505的可溶性糖含量在20-30天的采收期含量最高。隨著灌漿期的推遲,糯玉米子粒可溶性總糖含量表現持續下降,先快后慢的趨勢。
2.3 鮮食糯玉米蔗糖含量動態變化
從圖2可知,玉米灌漿期的籽粒蔗糖含量在不同的鮮食糯玉米品種以及不同的取樣時間之間差異顯著。隨著灌漿期推遲,糯玉米籽粒蔗糖含量呈下降趨勢。不同品種籽粒蔗糖含量具體時間及其變化速率與可溶性總糖含量接近。灌漿中后期蔗糖下降速率變慢。授粉后20-30d,蘇科糯1505、蘇科糯1801的蔗糖含量變化最高的為6.56%-8.11%、5.90%-8.11%,蘇科糯1501、香甜糯968、糯香389、彩甜糯001、蘇科糯1901、蘇科糯338、蘇科糯12和蘇科糯212蔗糖含量變化范圍為4.38%-6.23%、3.82%-5.68%、5.09%-5.67 %、4.01%- 6.17%、4.43%-6.11%、4.03%-6.23%、2.89%-4.37%和3.95%-5.08%。糯玉米籽粒蔗糖含量的變化速率下降很快,隨著灌漿期的推遲,糯玉米籽粒蔗糖含量持續下降。
2.4 鮮食糯玉米淀粉含量動態變化
由圖3可知,淀粉含量總體呈現上升趨勢,灌漿前期其上升趨勢較快,灌漿后粗淀粉含量變化較為緩慢。授粉后20-30d,蘇科糯1501、香甜糯968、糯香389、彩甜糯001、蘇科糯1505、蘇科糯1801、蘇科糯1901、蘇科糯338、蘇科糯12和蘇科糯212淀粉含量變化范圍為26.2%-47.5%、23.9%-36.7%、33.4%-41.5%、19.5%- 40.1%、30.3%-35.1%、38.1%-49.9%、29.2%-36.1%、18.8%-26.3%、20.4%-43.6%和27.7%-45.8%。糯玉米籽粒淀粉含量的變化速率上升很快;結果表明,蘇科糯1505的淀粉上升最快。隨著灌漿期的推遲,糯玉米籽粒淀粉含量表現緩慢增加。
2.5鮮食糯玉米蛋白質含量的動態變化
如圖4所示,在灌漿過程中,鮮食糯玉米籽粒中蛋白質含量呈不斷下降趨勢。在授粉20"d后,各品種蛋白質變化幅度不大,變化范圍為6.12%-9.30%。蘇科糯1505在授粉前20 d其蛋白質含量高于其他品種,蘇科糯1501其蛋白質含量低于其它品種。
在授粉后20-30d,蘇科糯1501、香甜糯968、糯香389、彩甜糯001、蘇科糯1505、蘇科糯1801、蘇科糯1901、蘇科糯338、蘇科糯12和蘇科糯212蛋白含量變化分別為8.98%-8.27%、8.16%-7.91 %、8.75%-8.02 %、8.25%-7.91 % 、9.26%-8.28 %、8.75%-8.15 %、8.455-7.66%、8.45%-7.29%、8.45%-8.26%、8.31%-8.10%和8.98%-8.27%,蛋白質含量下降幅度為:7.41%、5.44%、7.18%、5.94%、10.56%、9.99%、5.61%、4.65%、7.25%和9.11%其中蘇玉糯338蛋白質含量變化幅度較小。
2.6 鮮食糯玉米不同營養成分之間的相關關系
從表3可以看出,不同類型鮮食糯玉米的籽粒營養成分中蒸煮品質與可溶性總糖含量(0.4728**)、蔗糖含量(0.4599**)之間呈極顯著正相關,蔗糖含量與蛋白質含量(0.7949**)呈極顯著正相關,蔗糖含量與可溶性總糖含量(0.5642**)之間呈極顯著正相關;鮮食糯玉米淀粉含量與蔗糖含量呈極顯著負相關(-0.4275**)。
3討論
鮮食玉米以食用品質和營養品質作為品質評價的主要指標,確定其適宜的采收期非常關鍵。已有研究表明,適宜采收期可以通過籽粒可溶性糖含量、籽粒含水量或者授粉后的天數來進行估算。于立芝[17]等人研究表明,糯玉米雜交種成熟期籽粒的蛋白質、可溶性糖的含量隨采收時降低,而淀粉的含量則提高。董宗宗[18]等人研究表明,隨著采收期推遲鮮食糯玉米淀粉含量逐漸增加。張中東[19]等人研究表明,在籽粒灌漿過程中蛋白質含量不斷下降并分別在授粉后第20d趨于穩定。
前人[20-25]研究表明甜玉米籽粒中蔗糖和可溶性糖含量均為單峰變化曲線,蛋白質含量始終保持上升趨勢,飼料玉米中粗蛋白含量與粗脂肪含量始終保持上升趨勢,不同玉米品種,籽粒中淀粉含量始終保持上升趨勢。該結果與糯玉米中營養成分變化規律有所不同。本研究結果表明,糯玉米籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖、蛋白質含量呈現下降趨勢,淀粉含量呈現上升趨勢,因此糯玉米籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖、蛋白質含量持續下降是糯玉米特有的營養變化規律。
可溶性糖含量在灌漿初期含量最高,隨著鮮食玉米籽粒成熟度的提高,可溶性糖含量逐漸轉化為淀粉[26,27]。在灌漿過程中,不同品種淀粉含量均為上升趨勢[28]。本試驗結果表明,隨著蔗糖、可溶性糖含量的降低,淀粉含量不斷增加。鮮食糯玉米蛋白質含量在籽粒灌漿初期含量最高,隨著淀粉含量的上升,蛋白質含量在干物質中占比逐漸下降[29],灌漿初期下降速率較快,中后期下降逐漸變慢,各品種灌漿后期蛋白質含量變化幅度較小,這與前人研究一致。
鮮食糯玉米的籽粒營養成分中蒸煮品質與蔗糖含量(0.4599**)、可溶性總糖含量(0.4728**)之間呈極顯著正相關,鮮食糯玉米淀粉含量與蔗糖含量呈極顯著負相關(-0.4275**)。蔗糖含量與可溶性總糖含量(0.5642**)之間呈極顯著正相關,這與可溶性糖含量變化趨勢有正相關性,但與淀粉變化趨勢具有互補性,這與李志文等[30]研究結果一致。
4.結論
4.1 "10個糯玉米品種可溶性糖、蔗糖、蛋白質含量持續下降是糯玉米特有的營養成分變化規律。在糯玉米籽粒灌漿過程中,伴隨著淀粉含量的上升,可溶性糖、蔗糖和蛋白質含量呈下降趨勢。不同鮮食糯玉米品種同一采收期各營養成分變化趨勢一致。
4.2 "10個糯玉米品質品嘗經方差分析差異顯著,蘇科糯1801品質最好,其次是蘇科糯1505;授粉后20-30d,可溶性糖含量變化上,蘇科糯12、蘇科糯212的可溶性糖下降最快;蘇科糯1801、蘇科糯1505的可溶性糖含量在20-30天的采收期含量最高;蔗糖含量變化上,蘇科糯1505、蘇科糯1801最高,分別為6.56%-8.11%、5.90%-8.11%;淀粉含量變化上,蘇科糯1505的淀粉上升最快;蛋白質含量變化上,各品種間幅度不大,介于4.65-10.56%。
4.3 "通過對鮮食玉米灌漿期籽粒主要營養成分進行相關分析,蒸煮品質與蔗糖(0.4599**)、可溶性糖(0.4728**)的相關系數較高,蒸煮品質與可溶性糖、蔗糖的濃度呈正相關;對于鮮食糯玉米的籽粒營養成分,可溶性總糖含量和蔗糖含量是關鍵的指標,其中蔗糖含量和蛋白質含量也很相關。同時,淀粉含量與蔗糖含量呈負相關,表明淀粉含量較低的鮮食糯玉米可能含有更多的蔗糖。因此,蒸煮品質與營養成分相關性對定向選育營養又好吃的新品種具有一定指導作用。
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Study on variation of grain nutritional quality of glutinous"maize
YANG Minghua*,LIAO Biyong,LIU Qiang,PEN Yuncheng,Dawulai"Jiekeshan,FENG Guorui, TANG Shiming*
(1.Institute of Agricultural Sciences"of Ili Prefecture, Yining 835000,China)
Abstract:【Objective】To clarify the dynamic changes in the main nutritional components of fresh glutinous corn grains at different stages after pollination.【Method】 Using 10 glutinous"corn varieties as materials, a completely randomized block design was used to analyze the changes in grain sucrose, soluble sugar, starch, and protein content during the filling period, as well as the correlation between nutritional quality and quality taste.【Result】The results showed that the content of sucrose and soluble sugar in sweet corn grains were unimodal change curves, the protein content always maintained an increasing trend, and the crude protein content and crude fat content in feed corn always maintained an increasing trend. The"results also showed that the soluble sugar, sucrose, and protein content in glutinous corn grains showed a downward trend, while the starch content showed an upward trend. Therefore, the continuous decrease in soluble sugar, sucrose, and protein content in glutinous "corn grains was a unique nutritional change pattern. The decline rate was relatively fast in the early stage of filling, and gradually slowed down in the middle and later stages. The protein content of each variety changed slightly in the later stage of filling. There was a highly significant positive correlation between cooking quality, sucrose content (0.4599**) and total soluble sugar content (0.4728**); sucrose content and protein content (0.7949**); sucrose content and total soluble sugar content (0.5642**); there was a highly significant negative correlation between starch content and sucrose content in fresh glutinous corn (-0.4275**).【Conclusion】The correlation coefficient between cooking quality and sucrose and soluble sugar of 10 glutinous "maize varieties is higher, indicating that cooking quality is positively correlated with the concentration of soluble sugar and sucrose. The higher the preference for sweet and glutinous maize varieties, the more directional breeding of new varieties with nutrition and taste.
Key words:"fresh glutinous corn; quality; tasting; nutritional quality
基金項目:自治區科技支疆項目計劃伊犁河谷優質糯玉米新品種選育及示范推廣(2021E02017)
Fund Project: Science and Technology Branch Xinjiang Project Plan of the Autonomous Region Yili Valley high-quality glutinous maize New varieties Breeding and demonstration Promotion (2021E02017)
作者簡介:楊明花(1983-),女,四川威遠人, 碩士研究生,副研究員,研究方向為玉米遺傳育種及栽培。(E-mail)xjymh123@163.com。
通信作者:楊明花(1983-),女,四川威遠人, 碩士研究生,副研究員,研究方向為玉米遺傳育種及栽培,(E-mail)xjymh123@163.com;唐式敏,1981年,女,高級農藝師,湖南永州,研究方向為作物育種及栽培,(E-mail)3069322464qq.com