







摘" " 要:【目的】基于寒紅梨生產中因花果管理不到位而導致果實著色差、內在品質降低等問題,開展疏果對寒紅梨果實生長發育及品質影響的研究,旨在為梨產業提質增效技術研發提供數據支撐。【方法】以20年生寒紅梨為試材,花后7 d采用花序留單果、雙果和三果進行疏果處理。通過開展果實生長發育動態觀察及果實品質指標測定,綜合分析疏果對果實生長發育及品質的影響。【結果】不同疏果處理對寒紅梨果實大小的影響從果實迅速膨大期開始,內、外層果肉細胞排列疏松,細胞體積大,細胞層數多;不同疏果處理對果實內在品質改善影響顯著,果實硬度普遍降低,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及還原糖含量升高,可滴定酸含量降低。具體表現為G3處理(每花序留3個果實)果實硬度和可溶性糖含量(w,后同)最高,分別為2.54 kg·cm-2、9.29%,G1處理(每花序留1個果實)可溶性固形物含量最高,為14.68%,G2處理(每花序留2個果實)可滴定酸和還原糖含量最高,分別為4.17%、7.01%;疏果后花序產量、單株產量與花序留果數呈正相關,單果質量與花序留果數呈負相關。【結論】疏果可提高寒紅梨相應花序保留果實的綜合品質,尤其單果質量、可溶性固形物含量、硬度等指標,總體表現為花序留果越少提升效果越好;寒紅梨為中大型果,花后7 d疏果,以每花序留1個果實為宜。
關鍵詞:寒紅梨;疏果;生長發育;果實品質
中圖分類號:S661.2 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)12-2436-08
Effects of fruit thinning on fruit growth and quality in Hanhong pear
LI Siyu, WU Chunhao, LU Mingyan, YAN Xingkai, ZHAO Ying, ZHANG Maojun, WANG Qiang*
(Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast China Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center) Fruit Research Institute)/Northeast China (Jilin) Fruit Science Observation and Experimental Station of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Gongzhuling 136100, Jilin, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Pear is a kind of fruit crop with many flowers in clusters. Each cluster generally contains more than 5 flowers, and the fruit setting rate is high. If the flower and fruit thinnings are not taken properly in production to bring with overloading, this often causes large differences in fruit size, poor coloring and poor quality, resulting in reduced economic benefits. For the excellent varieties, their own quality may be excellent, but in the large-scale commercial production, if there is no scientific technical guidance for flower and fruit thinning, the high load per plant often results in lower high-quality-fruit rate, poor fruit market competitiveness, and low economic benefit, so as to seriously affect the pear farmers’ growing enthusiasm. In order to ensure the sustainable development of the industry, the research and application of fruit thinning technology play an important role in achieving stable and high yield, high quality and high efficiency in the pear industry. As different pear cultivars have various amount of flowers and differential fruit setting rates, it is urgent to determine the appropriate amount of fruit retention in Hanhong pear. 【Methods】 Thinning treatments were carried out at 7th day after flowering, with no fruit thinning serving as the control. The internal and external qualities of fruits with each fruit thinning treatment were determined, and the effects of each treatment on the external and internal fruit quality were analyzed. 【Results】 According to the results of fruit growth and quality, different flowers in a cluster had a certain effect on the yield and single fruit weight. With the decrease of the ordinal position in a cluster, the single fruit weight of Hanhong pear showed an upward trend, while the yield showed a downward trend. It showed that fruit thinning could significantly reduce the yield of the corresponding cluster, but it significantly increased the single fruit weight and produced larger fruits. Compared with the control, the ordinal position fruits of G1 and G2 showed larger fruit (vertical and horizontal diameter increased), heavier single fruit weight, and better appearance quality. The fruit retention of G3 treatment was more, but the fruit quality was relatively poor, the fruit was small, and the flavor was poor. However, the excessive number of fruits increased the yield but decreased the single fruit weight, which affected the fruit quality. The contents of reducing sugar, soluble sugar, soluble solids and vitamin C in Hanhongli were higher than those of the control, among which G1 and G2 treatments were higher, and the titratable acid content showed no decrease. The fruit hardness of each treatment was significantly lower than that of the same group, while that of G3 treatment was higher than that of the control. Hardness is an important quality index of fruit. Relatively, the hardness of pear fruit of the same variety with crisp flesh type is better than that with low flesh and crisp taste, indicating that reducing the number of fruit left in a cluster is more beneficial to the growth and quality of fruit in the corresponding cluster. 【Conclusion】 Appropriate fruit load can improve fruit quality, maintain high excellent fruit rate and a certain yield. Hanhong pear is a new cold-resistant pear variety with the blood of Pyrus ussuriensis varieties. It is a large fruit type with a single fruit weight of more than 200 g. Fruit thinning is beneficial to improve the comprehensive quality of the corresponding cluster retained fruit, especially for the single fruit weight, soluble solids and hardness. The overall performance is that, the less fruit retained in a cluster, the better the quality improvement effect. Based on the comprehensive analysis of this study, it is suggested that the fruit thinning of Hanhong pear should be carried out 7 days after flowering, 1-2 young fruits with good development can be selected for retention, and the best way is to retain single fruit in a cluster. The fruit development of different pear varieties is affected by many factors. The reasonable fruit thinning scheme for the production of high-quality pear varieties can be used as a reference. The specific fruit thinning scheme should be determined according to the actual situation of a pear orchard.
Key words: Hanhong pear; Fruit thinning; Growth and development; Fruit quality
梨(Pyrus)是我國主要栽培的果樹種類之一,栽培面積和產量均居世界首位。因其果實汁甜味美,富含豐富的維生素和膳食纖維,具有潤肺、生津止渴的食用價值,符合現代生活對美味、多樣性和功能性水果的消費需求,深受國內外消費者歡迎[1-2]。在產業發展過程中,品種迭代升級對產業發展具有促進作用。其中寒紅梨是由吉林省農業科學院果樹研究所利用南果梨和晉酥梨雜交選育的抗寒優質梨新品種,因其果陽面著紅暈、底色鮮黃、外觀艷麗,肉質酥脆、多汁、酸甜可口,現已成為吉林省及周邊相似生態區主要栽培的梨品種,種植面積達0.2萬hm2以上[3]。近年來在生產實踐中發現,各主栽區出現了花果管理不善而導致果實著色差異大、果個偏小、可溶性固形物含量低、風味不佳等問題,嚴重影響了區域梨園經濟效益提升和梨果產業的可持續發展。因此,開展寒紅梨果實品質提升技術研究對促進產業可持續發展意義重大。
花果管理在果樹生產中一直被廣泛關注,尤其在多花果樹種類研究中顯得尤為重要。梨作為花序多花的果樹,多數梨資源有5~12朵花/花序,自然坐果≥3個花序[4]。在栽培過程中,由于梨樹具有花量大、花序坐果率高等習性,常因負載量過大,導致生產出的梨果個小、質量次、風味差,嚴重影響市場競爭力和果園效益[5]。生產上常用人工疏除、機械疏除和化學藥劑疏除等方法來提高果實品質,其中機械疏除對果園立地條件、樹形結構要求高,化學藥劑疏除效果常因品種不同存在差異,且這兩種方式無法精準控制花序留果量,無法滿足需求[6-8]。人工疏花疏果具有相對精準、穩妥安全等優點[9]。雖然比較費工,但能按人們的意愿留果,有利于果樹生長和提高果實品質[10]。留果量一般根據果實大小、坐果率高低、坐果位置、樹齡等進行調整,果枝較長時選擇保留2~5個果實,中等果枝留1~3個果實,較短果枝留1個果實,同時需注意定果時多留5%~10%[11]。趙書華[12]、王明芳[13]綜述了蘋果樹疏花疏果“3步法”技術及應用效果,為人工疏花疏果提供了一定的理論基礎。孫玉懷[14]推廣黃金梨疏花疏果技術,為人工疏花疏果提供了技術支撐。閆帥[15]總結了梨樹授粉和疏花疏果技術,在輔助授粉的前提下,配以人工疏花疏果技術,確保梨園連年豐產穩產,提高果實品質和優質果率。
筆者以20年生寒紅梨豐產樹為試材,開展疏果處理對果實生長發育及品質影響的研究,旨在為建立寒紅梨配套的優質豐產栽培技術提供參考,進而達到果園生產高效和農民增收的目的。
1 材料和方法
1.1 試驗地點
試驗在吉林省農業科學院(中國農業科技東北創新中心)果樹研究所試驗園進行,該地處于吉林省長春市公主嶺市(124°02′ E,43°11′ N),屬中溫帶大陸性季風氣候,四季分明,冬冷夏熱,地勢相對平坦,土壤為壤砂土。
1.2 試驗處理
供試品種為20年生寒紅梨,樹形為基部三主枝疏散分層形。選擇生長健壯、樹勢一致的植株為試材,掛牌標記。每株以主枝為單位,同時為減少誤差,采用隨機改變方位及交叉處理進行人工疏果試驗,處理與對照均在同一株樹上進行,處理時間為落花后7 d(5月22日),采用果間距法(15~20 cm),以中短果枝為主,花序內間隔疏果、定果,留邊花坐的果。單株重復,3次重復,試驗花序留果量處理方案及主枝處理方案見表1、表2。
1.3 試驗方法
1.3.1" " 采樣及保存" " 在果實成熟期 ,選擇樹體中上部東、西、南、北四個方位,各采集未做疏果處理的2~3個花序正常果實20個作為對照,同時將每株樹的不同疏果處理的果實全部摘除,帶回實驗室。每個處理隨機選取20個果實,放置4 ℃冰箱保存備用。
1.3.2" " 果實生長發育動態觀測" " 疏果后至果實成熟期,間隔20 d,各處理抽取5個果實,測量單果質量,繪制果實生長發育曲線;在果實膨大期,各處理采用5個果實,用FAA固定后,參照付堯等[16]的方法并進行優化,采用果實石蠟切片法在100倍顯微鏡下觀察內外層果肉細胞分裂層數、體積。
1.3.3" " 果實著色調查" " 在果實成熟期,隨機調查各處理果實100個,調查著色情況,計算著色指數。著色指數/%=(各級果數×代表級值)/(總果數×最高級值)×100。
1.3.4" " 果實品質測定" " 參照《梨種質資源描述規范和數據標準》[17]進行測定單果質量、果實縱徑、橫徑、硬度及可溶性固形物含量;采用3,5-二硝基水楊酸比色法測定可溶性糖及還原性糖含量[18];采用自動電位滴定法測定果實可滴定酸含量[19];采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法測定維生素C含量[20]。
1.4 數據分析
采用Excel和SPSS 27.0.5軟件進行數據處理,其中數據的數值和標準差數值采用Excel計算,差異顯著性采用Duncan新復極差法計算。
2 結果與分析
2.1 疏果對寒紅梨果實發育及外在品質的影響
2.1.1" " 疏果對寒紅梨處理花序果實生長發育的影響" " 如圖1所示,寒紅梨果實生長發育狀況與疏果處理密切相關。處理及對照果實生長發育曲線均呈穩定上升趨勢,G1、G2、G3處理均高于對照,其中G1果實生長發育表現最好。疏果后60 d內,寒紅梨果實發育表現各處理與對照間差異不明顯;疏果60 d后,在果實迅速膨大期,生長發育速度明顯加快,處理間出現差異。
由此可知,疏果對寒紅梨果實大小的影響從果實迅速膨大期開始,生長發育狀況依次為G1>G2>G3>對照。
2.1.2" " 疏果對寒紅梨處理花序果實細胞層數的影響" " 處理與對照間果肉細胞排列、細胞體積大小存在明顯差異(圖2)。表現為對照的內、外層果肉細胞排列緊密,細胞層數較少,細胞體積較小;G1、G2和G3的果肉細胞排列疏松,細胞層數增多,細胞體積變大;G1與G2和G3相比,G1內、外層果肉細胞排列最為疏松,細胞層數相對多,細胞體積相對大。
由此可見,疏果影響了果肉內外層細胞發育,表現為疏果后內、外層果肉細胞排列疏松,細胞分裂層數與體積隨著留果量的減少而逐漸增加。
2.1.3" " 疏果對寒紅梨處理花序果實著色的影響" " 疏果處理后花序果實果面著色程度存在較大差異(表3)。著色指數顯著高于同組對照。其中G1的果實著色指數最高,其次是G2,著色最差的為對照??梢娛韫艽龠M寒紅梨相應花序果實著色,這可能與疏果后花序坐果量的減少導致養分相對集中利用有關。
2.1.4" " 疏果對寒紅梨處理花序果實縱橫徑及果形指數的影響" " 各處理與對照間果實縱橫徑均表現為G1>G2>G3>對照;各處理均顯著大于對照,G1、G2和G3間無顯著差異;果形指數變化不受疏果處理的影響,處理間與同組對照表現基本一致(表4)。
2.2 疏果對寒紅梨花序果實內在品質的影響
由表5可知,疏果處理對寒紅梨花序果實內在品質有不同程度的影響。G1、G2處理花序果實硬度低于對照,G3處理則高于對照,但均與對照差異不顯著。結合硬度數據及現場品嘗品鑒結果,寒紅梨果實硬度相對低,肉質酥脆,口感更好,表明疏果對寒紅梨果實硬度有一定的影響。可溶性固形物含量由高到低依次為G1(14.68%)>G2(13.80%)>對照(13.56%)>G3(12.96%),表明疏果對寒紅梨可溶性固形物含量具有影響;G2處理的可滴定酸含量最高,為4.17%,對照的可滴定酸含量最低,為2.72%,顯著低于G2處理1.45個百分點,G1和G3處理的可滴定酸含量也顯著高于對照,表明疏果對寒紅梨果實可滴定酸含量不存在降低的效果;不同疏果處理對寒紅梨果實維生素C含量存在顯著差異,其中G2處理的維生素C含量最高,為2.23 mg·100 g-1,G3處理的維生素C含量最低,為1.75 mg·100 g-1,兩者之間相差0.48 mg·100 g-1;各處理的果實可溶性糖和還原糖含量均無顯著差異,但均顯著高于對照,表明疏果處理對寒紅梨果實可溶性糖及還原糖含量具有提高的效果。
2.3 疏果對寒紅梨花序果實單果質量及產量的影響
由表6可知,疏果對平均單果質量、花序產量及單株產量的影響差異顯著,平均單果質量與花序留果數呈負相關,花序產量及單株產量與花序留果數呈正相關。不同處理花序果實單果質量依次為G1(293.88 g)>G2(257.06 g)>G3(206.72 g)>對照(163.3 g),其中G1、G2和G3處理均顯著高于同組對照,且以G1效果最好。與對照相比,G1、G2、G3處理的平均單果質量分別顯著提高了79.9%、57.4%和26.6%;花序產量和單株產量皆表現為對照> G3> G2> G1。
不同花序留果數對相應花序產量、單株產量和單果質量有一定的影響,隨著花序留果數量的減少,寒紅梨果實的單果質量均呈上升趨勢,產量則呈下降趨勢??梢娛韫诮档蜆潴w負載量的同時,花序產量和單株產量也會明顯下降,但單果質量明顯增大,生產出較大果個、外觀品質好、商品價值高的果實;而花序留果數量過多,樹體負載量過大,花序產量和單株產量皆增加,但影響果實的膨大,導致單果質量下降,果實品質也相應受到影響。
3 討 論
在果樹生產中,常通過疏花疏果來調控樹體負載量,進而達到提高葉片光合能力、改善果實品質的目的[21-23]。王鋌等[24]研究表明,留果量能改變胭脂脆桃果實品質,隨留果量增加果實品質趨于下降,其中果實的單果質量、著色面積、可溶性固形物含量降低,可滴定酸含量、硬度、666.7 m2產量升高。張春勝等[25]通過減少萊陽茌梨樹體負載量、增加枝果比后,可使果實可滴定酸含量降低,進而改善內在品質。對梨樹來說,疏花疏果是調節樹體養分,提高果實品質的重要手段之一[26]。在調控過程中,疏果方式、疏果量及疏果時期均會影響坐果率及果實品質,不同樹種及品種的最佳疏果量、疏果時期亦不相同。Sutton等[27]對美國東南部產區的桃進行了疏花疏果的策略調整優化,發現花后21 d疏花疏果能增加Cary Mac和July Prince 2個桃品種的單果質量。適宜負載量可以提高果實品質、保持較高優果率和一定的產量,使得在適宜負載量下生長的果樹能產生最大效益[28]。郭瑞英等[29]以黃金梨為試材,兩年的試驗結果表明,不同留果量對其單果質量和產量影響較大,隨著留果量的減少,單果質量增加,產量降低,這與本研究結果一致。王少敏等[30]在留果量對紅星蘋果果實品質影響的研究中指出,留果量為1500~2000 kg·666.7 m-2的果實品質最佳,糖酸比最適宜,產量也有保證;留果量為2500~3000 kg·666.7 m-2的處理品質整體下降,留果量1000 kg·666.7 m-2雖果品質量高,但因產量低,一定程度上影響試驗園的經濟效益。
筆者在本研究中發現,寒紅梨果實從向陽的一側先開始著色,陰面上色比較緩慢,至采收時整個果面色澤很難均勻一致,而且留果量也會影響果實著色,這與楊雙曉[31]在套袋影響富士蘋果果實品質的研究中的結果一致。寒紅梨隨著留果數量的減少,處理花序果實表現為果個大(縱橫徑增大)、平均單果質量增加、著色指數增加,外觀品質改善明顯。留果量過多或自然坐果的條件下,則果實品質表現相對差,果個小,風味不佳,與在核桃和蘋果相關研究中的結果一致[32-33]。G1和G2處理的果實還原糖、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物及維生素C含量均高于對照,但可滴定酸含量并沒有降低。G1和G2處理的果實硬度低于同組對照,G3處理則高于對照。硬度是果實重要的品質指標,相對比較,脆肉型品種的梨果實硬度相對低、肉質酥脆、口感更好,表明減少花序留果數對相應花序果實生長品質發育有利。本研究結果表明,若要增加梨果實的大果比例,并進一步提高果實的內在品質,應適當減少樹體負載量,但這會使總產量明顯下降,這就需要配合果園的品牌營銷措施,通過提高單價來保障穩定的經濟效益。
筆者在本研究中采用花后7 d果實間距法疏果,僅僅研究不同花序留果量對寒紅梨果實品質的影響,但未對不同疏果時期、留果方式及化學疏果等對寒紅梨果實品質的影響進行研究,相關研究內容還需進一步補充和完善。
4 結 論
疏果有利于提高寒紅梨相應花序保留果實的綜合品質,尤其平均單果質量、可溶性固形物含量、硬度等指標,總體表現為花序留果越少,提升效果越明顯。綜上,寒紅梨花后7 d進行疏果,花序可選留發育良好的幼果1~2個,以花序留單果為宜,對提高寒紅梨果實品質效果最好。
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