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不同獼猴桃品種果實剝皮性狀研究

2024-12-31 00:00:00黃麗紅伍夢婷鐘文奇陶俊杰賈慧敏黃春輝
果樹學報 2024年12期

摘" " 要:【目的】比較不同獼猴桃品種在軟熟期果實剝皮性狀的變化,建立獼猴桃果實剝皮性狀綜合評價體系,客觀反映不同獼猴桃品種間果實剝皮難易程度的差異性?!痉椒ā恳?5個獼猴桃品種為材料,對不同獼猴桃品種軟熟期的果實先進行手動撕拉,通過觀測皮肉分離過程中的“剝皮數”和“剝離度”兩個參數來進行判斷和評估,再結合基于力學測量裝置構建的獼猴桃剝離器對不同獼猴桃品種進行剝皮力的測定。【結果】不同獼猴桃品種軟熟期果實的剝皮數、剝離度及剝皮力不同。通過綜合比較25個獼猴桃品種的果實剝皮數、剝離度和剝皮力得出:16個中華獼猴桃品種中金豐相對其他品種剝皮次數較少為18次,剝離度評價等級最高為3~4分,果肉受損程度較低,其次是金奉,在與其他品種剝皮數和剝離度評價等級相差不大的情況下,其所需的剝皮力平均值最小為0.42 N;果實大小一致的4個美味獼猴桃品種中米良1號相對其他品種剝皮數與剝離度相差不大,但所需剝皮力平均值為0.38 N,顯著小于其他品種,果皮更易剝落且果肉受損程度更低;5個毛花獼猴桃品種中華特果皮最厚,果皮剝落順暢,但所需剝皮力較大平均值為1.03 N,贛綠1號剝皮次數最少為7次,剝離度評價等級最高為7~8分且所需剝皮力平均值僅為0.47 N,相對其他品種更易剝皮且不費力,贛獼6號剝離度評價等級為5~6分,剝皮數最多為13次,相對其他品種更難剝皮?!窘Y論】不同種類獼猴桃果實剝皮性狀差異較大,其中毛花獼猴桃果實最容易剝皮,且在同一種類不同獼猴桃品種間的果實剝皮性狀差異也較大,25個獼猴桃品種中毛花獼猴桃贛綠1號剝皮數最少、剝離度評價等級最高、剝皮力較小,因此是最容易剝皮的。

關鍵詞:獼猴桃;果實;剝皮性狀;剝皮數;剝皮力

中圖分類號:S663.4 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)12-2463-09

Study on fruit peeling characters of different kiwifruit varieties

HUANG Lihong, WU Mengting, ZHONG Wenqi, TAO Junjie, JIA Huimin, HUANG Chunhui*

(College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and A. chinensis var. deliciosa are the main types of commercially cultivated kiwifruit at present, the inconvenience of peeling and eating both hinder consumer’s choice of kiwifruit. Some varieties of kiwifruit, such as A. eriantha generally has the characteristics of easy peeling, however, there is no comprehensive and objective evaluation system for the description of the peeling traits of different kiwifruit varieties. In this study, we compared the changes of fruit peeling traits of different kiwifruit varieties at soft ripening stage and established a comprehensive evaluation system of kiwi-fruit peeling traits to objectively reflect the difference of fruit peeling difficulty among different kiwifuit varieties, which would lay a theoretical foundation for further research on the physiology and molecular mechanism of kiwi-fruit peeling. 【Methods】 Twenty-five kiwifruit varieties were used as materials, including 16 A. chinensis var. chinensis varieties, 4 A. chinensis var. deliciosa varieties, and 5 A. eriantha varieties. The “peeling number”, “peeling degree” and “peeling force” of each kiwifruit variety were tested respectively. The number of peeling refered to the number of skins removed from the whole fruit by manual tearing from the stylar end to the stalk end. The peeling degree was evaluated by assigning scores, which were divided into 5 grades according to peel and pulp peel degree (unable to peel at all, more difficult to peel, difficult to peel, easier to peel, easy to peel). Combined with the kiwifruit stripper based on the mechanical measuring device, the peeling force of each kiwifruit was determined by measuring the force in four directions of the fruit and calculating the average value. Then the evaluation system of kiwifruit peeling traits was established by synthesizing the three indexes, and the differences of peeling traits among different kiwifruit varieties were compared. 【Results】 The peel number of A. eriantha was significantly less than those of A. chinensis var. chinensis and A. chinensis var. Deliciosa, and the peeling degree evaluation grade was significantly higher than those of the two varieties, indicating that A. eriantha was easier to peel and had better peeling property than the other two kiwifruit varieties. However, the peeling force of A. eriantha was not the smallest, and the peeling power of A. chinensis var. chinensis and A. chinensis var. Deliciosa was even lower than that of A. eriantha. Therefore, by comprehensively comparing the fruit peeling number, peeling degree and peeling force of different varieties of kiwifruit, three indexes were obtained: Among the 16 varieties of A. chinensis with the same fruit size, Jinfeng had less peeling times (18 times) than other varieties, the highest peeling degree was 3-4 points, and the pulp damage degree was lower, followed by Jin Feng, in the case of little difference in peeling number and peeling degree with other varieties, the average peeling force required was 0.42 N, which was the smallest. Among the 4 varieties of A. chinensis var. deliciosa with the same fruit size, Miliang No. 1 had little difference in the peeling number and peeling degree compared with the other varieties, but the average peeling force required was only 0.38 N, the peel was easier to peel, and the pulp was less damaged, although 20 times of the peeling number of Guichang was the least, but the required peeling force was 1.20 N, the peel was also more difficult to peel. Among the 5 varieties of A. eriantha with the same fruit size, Ganlü No. 1 had at least 7 peeling times compared with the others, and the highest peeling degree was 7-8 points, and Ganlü 6 had the peeling degree 5-6 points, the highest peeling number (13 times) and was relatively difficult to peel compared with the others. In summary, there were great differences in the peeling traits of different kiwifruit varieties. Among the 25 kiwifruit varieties, Ganlü No. 1 had the lowest peeling number, the highest peeling degree, and the lower peeling force, second only to the lowest Jin Feng and Milang No. 1, and it was the easiest to peel according to the evaluation of three indexes. The peeling number of Donghong and Hongshi No. 2 was as high as 49 times and 52 times, the peeling degree grade was 0, the average peeling force required was 1.68 N and 1.59 N, significantly higher than those of the other kiwifruit varieties, so both were not easy to peel. 【Conclusion】 The fruit peeling characters of different kiwifruit species were different. At the same time, different varieties of the same kind of kiwifruit peeling characters also had great differences. By comprehensively comparing the fruit peeling number, peeling degree and peeling force of each variety of kiwifruit, among the 25 kiwifruit varieties, Ganlü No. 1 had the lowest peeling number, the highest peeling degree evaluation grade, and the smallest peeling force, so it was the easiest to peel.

Key words: Kiwifruit; Fruit; Peeling character; Peeling number; Peeling force

獼猴桃隸屬獼猴桃科(Actinidiaceae)獼猴桃屬(Actinidia Lindl.),是一種原產于中國的藤本果樹[1]。獼猴桃果實因具有獨特的風味,富含多種維生素、有機酸、膳食纖維、多糖、礦物質元素及多種人體必需的氨基酸等營養成分而深受國內外消費者喜愛[2]。自2009年開始,中國獼猴桃年產量和進口量均居世界第一,已成為全球最大的獼猴桃生產國和消費國[3]。

隨著人們生活水平的提高,消費者對水果的食用方便與衛生程度越來越重視,尤其對于一些需要剝皮食用的水果,如獼猴桃[4-6]、枇杷[7]、柑橘[8-10]等,其剝皮難易程度也已成為被選擇食用的重要因素之一。尤其對于中國商業化栽培的中華獼猴桃(A. chinensis var. chinensis)和美味獼猴桃(A. chinensis var. deliciosa),其果皮均不可食用,且通常剝皮食用時雙手會沾滿黏稠的汁液,這種不便極大影響了消費者對獼猴桃的選擇[11]。而中國特有且豐富的毛花獼猴桃(A. eriantha)除了具有較高的營養價值外,與其他種類的獼猴桃相比,最大的特點就是果皮容易剝離[12-14],但絕大部分還處于野生狀態,只有極少數品種應用于生產中[15]。

水果中對柑橘[16]、香蕉[17]果皮剝離的研究最為廣泛,但在獼猴桃上卻鮮有研究,且大多集中在果皮結構、果皮細胞中果膠物質和半乳糖方面[5,18-19]。雖然研究表明果實剝皮性狀受到品種的影響[20],但對于不同獼猴桃種類間的剝皮性狀差異,以及各個種類不同獼猴桃品種之間的剝皮性狀差異,卻尚未有客觀的評價方法。目前關于獼猴桃果實剝皮性狀的評價主要是通過人為主觀賦值劃分等級“剝離度”或計算手動撕拉果皮使皮肉分離過程中的“剝皮數”2個參數來進行判斷和評估[4,19,21],這種方法直觀簡便,成本較低,且不需要借助特殊的儀器設備、專用檢驗場所,但存在主觀性強、精確性差等缺點,不利于對獼猴桃果實剝皮性狀的客觀描述與界定。因無法客觀反映果實剝皮性狀,直接影響了該性狀生理和分子層面上的深入研究。在此基礎上,筆者基于力學測量裝置構建了一個可以對不同品種獼猴桃果實剝皮性狀進行觀測比較的體系,從而可以更加客觀全面的對獼猴桃果實剝皮性進行分析評估,為后續深入研究獼猴桃剝皮性的生理和分子機制奠定基礎。

1 材料和方法

1.1 供試材料

試驗材料采自江西省奉新縣農業農村局獼猴桃種質資源圃(E 115°38′,N 28°70′)中栽植的不同獼猴桃品種。于果實達到商業采摘標準時,選擇大小一致、無病蟲害的果實進行采集,室溫放置直至軟熟(果皮硬度<600g)時進行果實剝皮數、剝離度及剝皮力的檢測分析。每個品種設3次生物學重復,每次重復10個果實。

1.2 試驗方法

1.2.1 不同獼猴桃品種的果實剝皮數和果皮剝離度 果實剝皮數是指從花柱端向果柄端進行手動撕拉,整個果實所剝離下來的果皮數[4]。

果皮剝離度通過賦值分數來進行評價,賦值分數根據果皮與果肉剝離程度共分為5個等級[21],即:

(1)果皮完全不能與果肉剝離,剝皮過程中果肉碎裂,完全粘皮,賦值0分;

(2)果皮剝離困難,剝皮過程中80%以上果肉受損,表現較粘皮,賦值1~2分;

(3)果皮剝離較困難,剝皮過程中40%~80%果肉受損,表現較粘皮,賦值3~4分;

(4)果皮較易剝離,剝皮過程中5%~40%果肉受損,表現較離皮,賦值5~6分;

(5)果皮易剝離,剝皮過程中小于5%果肉受損,表現離皮,賦值7~8分。

1.2.2 不同獼猴桃品種的果實剝皮力 為更加客觀地評價不同獼猴桃品種果實剝皮性的差異,參考張曉楠等[8-9]測量柑橘的果皮與果肉間的黏力和果皮穿透阻力的設備和Harker等[18]用玻璃棒滾動或手動撕拉將獼猴桃果皮果肉進行分離的方法,筆者課題組制作了一個簡易剝離器(圖1)來測定剝皮所需力的大小。其原理和具體操作如下:操作端將軟熟期的獼猴桃固定在剝離器基座的主軸上;在果實赤道部切開一個口子,挑起果皮固定在金屬夾上;用單股單芯硬銅線將金屬夾連接到安裝在移動橫桿上的稱重傳感器上。橫桿以固定速度在固定方位上移動,以果皮果肉開始分離到果皮完全剝落整個過程中傳感器上力的變化為果實的動態剝皮力,并且該動態剝皮力的數值會實時顯示在電腦端。每個獼猴桃果實進行東南西北4個方位上剝皮力的測定,平均值即為該獼猴桃果實的剝皮力。

1.3 數據處理

利用Microsoft Excel 2019軟件進行試驗數據的處理,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0軟件進行顯著性分析(p<0.05)。應用Photoshop 2021軟件及Origin 2018軟件進行果實圖片的處理及折線圖的繪制。

2 結果與分析

2.1 不同獼猴桃品種的果實剝皮數和果皮剝離度

不同獼猴桃品種軟熟期果實剝皮數和果皮剝離度不同。從表1和圖2可知,25個獼猴桃品種中,相比于中華獼猴桃和美味獼猴桃,毛花獼猴桃的剝皮次數明顯更少且剝離度等級更高。16個中華獼猴桃品種剝皮過程中果肉受損程度最低的是金豐,剝離度評價等級最高賦值為3~4分,其次是金奉、金圓、璞玉、魁蜜;果實大小一致的不同獼猴桃品種比較,金豐果實剝皮次數最少為18次,其次是金圓、金艷和金果,而早鮮、廬山香、紅實2號、井魁的剝皮數較多,剝皮次數均大于50次。4個美味獼猴桃品種剝皮過程中果肉受損程度相對較低的分別有貴長、米良1號、海沃德,其剝離度評價等級賦值為1~2分,金魁的果肉受損程度較高;果實大小一致的不同獼猴桃品種比較,貴長果實剝皮次數最少為20次,其次是米良1號、金魁、海沃德。5個毛花獼猴桃品種中贛綠1號果實剝皮次數最少為7次,且剝皮過程中果肉受損程度最低,其剝離度評價等級賦值為7~8分,其余毛花獼猴桃品種剝離度評價等級均賦值5~6分;如圖2所示,在剝皮過程中發現華特獼猴桃相對其他毛花獼猴桃品種果皮更厚重,贛綠1號果皮相對更輕薄,贛獼6號獼猴桃果實在剝皮過程中果肉受損程度相對較高,剝皮次數達到了13次,較其他4個毛花獼猴桃品種更多。

2.2 不同獼猴桃品種的果實剝皮力

獼猴桃測力裝置測力過程中力的變化過程如圖3所示。從0逐漸上升的剝皮力數值表示測量時果實皮肉逐漸分離過程中所需的力,當剝皮力達到峰值時則代表果皮完全剝落所需的力。

多次重復測量不同獼猴桃品種剝皮力數據的結果顯示(圖4),所有數據均在有效數據范圍內,未出現異常值,體現了剝皮裝置的穩定性及可靠性。不同獼猴桃品種果實剝皮力存在差異,25個獼猴桃品種中,東紅所需的剝皮力最大為1.68 N,其次是紅實2號、金豐、翠玉,而金果、云海1號、金奉、萬鼎1號、米良1號、贛綠1號所需剝皮力較低。此外,16種中華獼猴桃中金奉所需剝皮力平均值最小為0.42 N,其次是萬鼎1號、金果、云海1號;4種美味獼猴桃中米良1號所需剝皮力平均值最低為0.38 N,而海沃德、金魁、貴長所需剝皮力較大;5種毛花獼猴桃中贛綠1號所需剝皮力平均值最小為0.47 N,其次是贛獼6號、贛綠2號,而華特和贛綠6號所需剝皮力較大,平均值分別為1.03 N和1.06 N。

3 討 論

果實的剝皮性狀本身就是一個復合型的性狀,因此,其評價指標也不是單一的。根據剝皮數和剝離度兩個評價指標,發現在不同種類(中華獼猴桃、美味獼猴桃和毛花獼猴桃)的獼猴桃果實軟熟期毛花獼猴桃更容易剝皮,需要的剝皮次數更少并且剝離度評價等級更高,這與前人結果研究也是一致的[5,18-19],但是僅根據這兩個評價指標無法客觀比較各個獼猴桃種類的不同獼猴桃品種間的差異。因此,筆者在本研究中基于力學測量裝置構建了一個可以對獼猴桃果實剝皮性狀進行觀測比較的體系,通過制作簡易的剝離器對不同獼猴桃品種進行剝皮力的測定,能夠更加客觀的反映果實剝皮性狀的變化。這種結合力學裝置對果實果皮的剝皮性進行定量測定的方法在柑橘[8-9]和獼猴桃[18]研究中同樣有應用,張曉楠等[8-9]在柑橘中測量果皮黏力即本研究中的剝皮力主要是將數字測力計垂直固定在測力計上,用夾子夾緊果皮任何一端,然后用鑷子將果肉部分垂直向下拉;Harker等[18]在對獼猴桃果皮果肉進行分離時用的是玻璃棒滾動或手動撕拉,且速度為人為控制的緩慢而穩定;而在本研究中是將測力計水平固定在測力架,果實也同樣固定在測力架另一端,通過帶繩子的夾具將果皮與測力計連接進行力的測定,相對前兩種方法減少了人為判斷拉力方向或速度帶來的誤差,使得數據更為穩定可靠。盡管利用測力裝置測出的剝皮力能更客觀地描述獼猴桃剝皮性狀,但是僅憑這一指標也無法比較各個獼猴桃品種剝皮性狀的差異。研究結果顯示,雖然中華獼猴桃中云海1號、金奉、萬鼎1號和美味獼猴桃中米良1號剝皮力也相對較小,但是其剝皮數較多且剝離度評價等級低,果皮與果肉的分離時,果肉受損程度高;而毛花獼猴桃中贛綠1號的剝皮數最少、剝離度評價等級最高并且其所需的剝皮力也較小,更容易剝皮。因此,評價獼猴桃果實的剝皮性狀需要綜合剝皮數、剝離度和剝皮力3個指標進行分析比較。

綜合剝皮數、剝離度和剝皮力3個指標,表明同一種類不同品種間的獼猴桃果實剝皮性也有較大差異。16個中華獼猴桃品種中金豐和金奉相對其他品種更易剝皮,果肉受損程度較低;4個美味獼猴桃品種中米良1號相對其他品種果皮更易剝落,果肉受損程度較低;5個毛花獼猴桃品種中中華特果皮最厚,果皮剝落順暢,但所需剝皮力較大,贛綠1號相對其他品種更易剝皮且不費力,贛獼6號剝皮次數多相對其他品種較難剝皮。獼猴桃果實剝皮性狀受到品種影響,這與前人在獼猴桃上的研究結果也是吻合的[21]。此外,在葡萄[22]、枇杷[7]、柑橘[9]等果實上同樣發現果實剝皮性會因品種不同而表現出很大差異,例如有研究發現鮮食葡萄品種中醉金香和白羅莎里奧的果皮與果肉易分離[22];對枇杷剝皮難易程度按難-較易-易三種進行分級,發現有占鑒定總數58.72%的枇杷種質易剝皮,包括其林本、白枇杷皖泊和光榮種等品種[7];有研究發現向山、克里曼丁、藥香柑和弗萊特蒙四種寬皮柑橘在成熟過程中剝皮性也存在明顯差異,向山最易剝皮[8-9]。

目前已有部分關于毛花獼猴桃剝皮性狀形成的研究,但大多集中在果皮結構及果皮細胞中果膠物質和半乳糖方面[5,18,23],其分子調控機制尚未明確。對獼猴桃果實剝皮性狀進行評價分析,將有助于對毛花獼猴桃果皮結構和剝皮特性形成的相關機制研究。通過本研究建立的獼猴桃果實剝皮性狀的綜合評價體系,比較分析得出:在易剝皮的毛花獼猴桃種類中,贛綠1號剝皮數更少、剝離度評價等級更高、剝皮力更小,而贛獼6號剝皮數更多、剝離度評價等級更低、剝皮力更大。因此,筆者課題組將剝皮性相對較差的毛花獼猴桃贛獼6號和剝皮性好的毛花獼猴桃贛綠1號的果皮質地、果皮細胞結構、細胞壁多糖相關物質含量和相關代謝酶活性等進行了分析比較,并結合毛花獼猴桃贛綠1號果皮轉錄組和代謝組的檢測分析,篩選出了3個與剝皮性狀密切相關的基因[24],為深入解析毛花獼猴桃果實易剝皮特性形成的分子機制奠定了基礎。

4 結 論

不同種類的獼猴桃果實軟熟期的剝皮性狀差異較大,毛花獼猴桃比中華獼猴桃和美味獼猴桃更容易剝皮;同一種類不同獼猴桃品種間的果實軟熟期剝皮性也存在差異。本試驗基于力學測量裝置構建了一個獼猴桃測力裝置,通過測定獼猴桃果實軟熟時皮肉分離過程中力的大小,并結合剝皮數和剝離度兩個指標進行綜合評價,結果表明,25個獼猴桃品種中毛花獼猴桃贛綠1號最容易剝皮,其性狀表現為剝皮數少、剝離度評價等級高并且所需剝皮力也較小。剝皮數、剝離度和剝皮力的綜合評價體系的建立,不僅能更加客觀地描述獼猴桃果實的剝皮特性,也為后續深入研究獼猴桃剝皮性的生理和分子機制奠定了基礎。

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