摘要" 綜述老年胃腸腫瘤病人衰弱發生率、老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的術后不良結局、老年胃腸腫瘤病人的衰弱評估工具、老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術期衰弱的干預措施,以期為改善老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術期衰弱狀態,制定切實、有效的圍術期干預措施減少或消除衰弱對病人術后不良結局的影響提供參考。
關鍵詞" 老年人;胃腸道腫瘤;圍術期;衰弱;并發癥;護理;綜述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.02.025
作者簡介 閆亞鈴,護士,碩士研究生在讀
通訊作者 顧春紅,E?mail:13818505564@163.com
引用信息 閆亞鈴,顧春紅,姜建玲,等.老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術期衰弱的研究進展[J].護理研究,2025,39(2):333?338.
Research progress on perioperative frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors
YAN Yaling1, GU Chunhong2*, JIANG Jianling2, WANG Xuelian1
1.Jiangnan University Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangsu 214122 China; 2.Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
*Corresponding Author" GU Chunhong, E?mail: 13818505564@163.com
Abstract""" This paper reviewed the incidence of frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,the postoperative adverse outcomes of frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,the assessment tools of frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,and the interventions for perioperative frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors.It's aimed at improving the perioperative frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,and developing effective perioperative interventions to reduce or eliminate the impact of frailty on postoperative adverse outcomes of patients.
Keywords""" elderly people; gastrointestinal tumors; perioperative period; frailty; complication; nursing; review
在全球老齡化趨勢不斷加速的背景下,老年胃腸腫瘤病人手術比例不斷增高,盡管手術、麻醉技術不斷進步,但老年胃腸腫瘤手術病人的術后不良結局發生風險仍然較高。衰弱是老年人生理儲備下降導致機體易損性增加、抗應激能力減退的非特異性臨床狀態[1],是術后發生不良結局的重要危險因素。現就老年胃腸腫瘤病人衰弱發生率、老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的術后不良結局、老年胃腸腫瘤病人的衰弱評估工具、老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術期衰弱的干預措施進行綜述,以期為臨床工作者和研究者制定切實、有效的圍術期干預措施提供參考。
1" 老年胃腸腫瘤病人衰弱發生率
老年胃腸腫瘤病人隨著年齡增長,身體機能下降,加之免疫衰老、炎癥、與年齡相關的慢性疾病、外部環境、心理社會因素以及癌癥本身及其治療等的影響,更易發生衰弱[2]。2020年全球癌癥統計數據顯示,結直腸癌和胃癌分別是全球第3位常見癌癥和第5位常見癌癥,也是癌癥病人死亡的第2位常見因素和第4位常見因素[3]。胃癌病人中,年齡gt;60歲者比例高達70.8%,約60%的結直腸癌病人年齡gt;65歲[4]。衰弱在結直腸癌病人中發生率高達60.5%[5],在胃癌病人中高達43.8%[6]。術前衰弱會增加老年胃腸手術病人的不良結局,導致死亡率和再入院率增高[7?9]、生活質量降低、住院時間延長、住院費用增加[10?11]。及時的干預和管理能夠有效預防衰弱發生,改善衰弱狀況。
2" 老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的術后不良結局
2.1 衰弱與并發癥
手術本身就是一件應激事件[12],而衰弱則會進一步增加病人術后不良結局發生。多項研究證明,老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人術后短期及長期并發癥發生率增加[13?14],其發生率gt;50%[15]。衰弱是結腸切除術后吻合口瘺發生的獨立危險因素,與無吻合口瘺的病人相比,衰弱病人更易因吻合口瘺或其他并發癥死亡[16]。Gong等[17]研究顯示,衰弱病人胃腸道功能延遲恢復概率更大,出現腸梗阻等并發癥的風險更高。衰弱是老年病人胃腸術后并發癥發生的獨立危險因素[18]。可見,衰弱作為重要的預測指標,可以更好地幫助病人管理和減少術后并發癥的發生。
2.2 衰弱與住院時間和生存率
衰弱會使老年胃腸腫瘤病人死亡率增高、住院時間延長。一項Meta分析結果顯示,術前存在衰弱的結直腸癌病人短期和長期預后均較差,衰弱病人的總死亡率比非衰弱病人高2~3倍,住院時間長于非衰弱病人[19]。Parmar等[20]研究發現,衰弱程度越高,病人術后死亡率越高,住院時間越長。Jeong等[21]對231例胃癌病人進行衰弱評估和死亡率預測,得出衰弱前期病人的死亡率為20.7%,衰弱病人的死亡率為20.0%。Lu等[22]研究表明,衰弱是預測術后生存率的重要指標。可見,衰弱與術后住院時間、短期及長期生存率密切相關,應及時對衰弱病人進行管理與干預,從而縮短術后住院時間,提高生存率。
2.3 衰弱與生活質量
生活質量是癌癥治療的終點評價指標之一[23]。已有研究結果顯示,衰弱會影響病人術后生活質量[24],導致殘疾率增加[25]。Montroni等[13]研究表明,術前美國東部腫瘤協作組(ECOG)評分≥2分(體力狀態較差)是直腸癌病人術后3個月生活質量下降的有力預測因子。故需提高對老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人術后生活質量的關注。
3" 老年胃腸腫瘤病人衰弱的評估工具
3.1 Fried衰弱表型(FFP)
FFP是常用的衰弱評估工具,其于2001年由Fried等[1]編制,病人存在體力活動減少、自述疲乏、握力降低、體重下降、步速緩慢5種表現中的至少3種表現判定為衰弱,存在1種或2種表現判定為衰弱前期,不存在任何表現判定為無衰弱。該量表既涉及病人的主觀感受,又涉及客觀測量結果,因此在臨床上應用廣泛。同時,該量表將衰弱作為臨床事件的前驅狀態,可獨立預測跌倒、行走能力下降、日常生活能力受損情況,便于采取措施預防不良事件的發生[26]。Hogan等[27]使用FFP對42例年齡≥65歲的胃腸手術病人衰弱狀態進行分析,結果顯示該量表可以準確反映病人的衰弱程度,且能預測老年胃腸道疾病病人術后并發癥的發生情況。
3.2 衰弱指數(Frailty Index, FI)
FI由Mitnitski等[28]根據加拿大健康和老齡化研究(CSHA)結果研發,是病人存在的健康缺陷與基于缺陷累積理論的所有測量變量的比率,最初包含70個變量,涵蓋身體功能、臨床結果、實驗室指標、營養攝入、認知篩查、社會支持等多方面內容,對衰弱病人評估時具有較強的特異性。但由于評估內容較多且耗時較長,在臨床上不易操作,因此,有學者根據CSHA與美國外科醫師學會國家外科質量改進計劃(NSQIP)對FI進行修正,形成包含11個變量的mFI?11和包含5個變量的 mFI?5[29?30]。Vermillion等[18]對41 455例老年胃腸道癌癥病人的術后結局進行預測得出,高mFI?11評分與胃腸道癌癥手術病人的住院時間延長、術后并發癥發生和30 d死亡率密切相關。
3.3 其他評估工具
臨床衰弱量表(CFS)、衰弱量表(FS)、埃德蒙頓衰弱量表(EFS)等也可用于老年胃腸手術病人的衰弱評估。CFS以病人的日常活動能力和疾病等級為依據,對病人的衰弱程度進行分級,其設計內容相對側重病人的臨床狀態,對評估人員的專業性要求較高[31]。FS內容簡單明了,不需要測量設備和復雜的計算,因此被廣泛用于臨床,但其也存在缺少客觀指標的不足[32]。EFS評估簡單便捷,但評估內容較為主觀且不適用于疾病急性期病人[33]。在選擇衰弱評估工具時應根據量表內容、評估條件及病人疾病特征綜合考慮。
4" 老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術期衰弱的干預措施
4.1 運動鍛煉
運動鍛煉安全性高、成本低且獲益明顯,對預防和改善衰弱狀態具有重要意義。但由于衰弱病人的身體狀態、所處社會環境以及個人習慣不同,關于衰弱病人運動鍛煉的具體指南尚未形成。目前,針對老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的運動鍛煉方法包括有氧運動、抗阻運動、平衡訓練、柔韌性運動、虛擬運動訓練和多組分運動干預。其中,多組分運動干預是指衰弱運動干預過程中不局限于某一種運動的干預手段[34]。多項研究表明,多組分運動干預比單一運動干預在改善胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人軀體功能狀態、生活質量等方面更具優勢[35?36]。Macías?Valle等[37]研究結果顯示,與常規護理相比,在結直腸癌手術前后應用多組分運動干預對提高老年結直腸癌手術病人的生活質量、改善病人身體功能有額外益處。Wada等[38]對接受胃癌手術的衰弱病人進行研究發現,多組分運動干預可以改善病人術后結局,減少嚴重并發癥的發生。國際衰弱與肌肉減少癥研究會議(ICFSR)建議,將多組分運動干預作為治療衰弱的主要療法[39]。可見,多組分運動干預是預防或改善老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的有效干預措施。
4.2 營養支持
營養不良是衰弱的危險因素之一[6],營養不良及其導致的肌蛋白合成減少和肌肉組織的特殊變化等,會進一步促進衰弱的發生和發展。大多數胃腸道腫瘤病人就診時處于疾病進展期,機體吸收不良、惡性腫瘤消耗、營養攝入不足及胃腸道功能減弱等會造成其機體出現營養不良癥狀,從而導致或加重衰弱。已有研究表明,衰弱狀態動態可逆,合適的營養支持有可能延緩甚至逆轉衰弱[40]。地中海飲食模式是預防衰弱的有效措施[41],此外,補充維生素D以及鈣、蛋白質和熱量也很重要。國外研究組建議,老年衰弱病人的最佳蛋白質攝入量為1.0~1.2 g/(kg·d)[42],老年人的平均靜息能量消耗為25 kcal/(kg·d),如果考慮正常的體力活動,這一消耗可增加為32.5 kcal(kg·d)[43]。我國專家共識提出,對處于穩定期的老年惡性腫瘤病人,推薦總能量攝入為25~30 kcal/kg,蛋白質目標攝入量為1.2~1.5 g/kg,腎功能正常的病人蛋白質目標攝入量可提高至2.0 g/kg[44]。但不同的病人具體情況存在差異,故還需根據病人具體情況由營養科醫師制定詳細的營養支持方案。
4.3 心理干預
焦慮和抑郁在老年胃腸手術病人中較常見[45?46]。近年來,研究者對老年胃腸腫瘤病人的精神和心理狀態關注越來越多[47]。已有研究表明,衰弱可降低病人的自我控制能力,增加病人心理負擔,心理負擔加大會引起焦慮[48];反之,焦慮也可通過破壞神經體液調節降低病人的治療依從性,損害胃腸道功能,從而增加衰弱風險[49]。Renna等[50]研究發現,結直腸癌病人抑郁和焦慮癥狀嚴重程度與炎癥加劇相關。Li等[51]研究發現,老年胃腸腫瘤手術病人的焦慮和抑郁會導致其術后死亡率增加,且術前焦慮與術后疼痛呈正相關等[52]。提示醫務人員應重視老年胃腸腫瘤手術病人的心理狀態,早期識別與干預病人的不良心理,注意干預時間和內容的科學性,健全老年人健康體系;家屬或照顧者應多陪伴病人,培養病人的興趣愛好,鼓勵病人參加社會活動等。
4.4 認知干預
年齡增長不僅會導致身體衰弱,還會導致認知功能下降[53],衰弱與認知障礙密切相關,老年病人術后認知障礙發生率增加[54],可能會導致抑郁發生以及軀體活動能力下降等,進一步導致衰弱發生[55]。手術應激和炎癥均可能導致老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人術后認知障礙發生[56]。為預防或減少術后認知障礙發生,應在病人入院時對其進行認知功能篩查[57],常用的篩查工具為簡易精神狀態檢查量表(MMSE)。應對認知障礙初篩陽性的病人進行就醫指導并鼓勵其參加認知訓練,常包括記憶訓練、手工制作、計算能力訓練、電子游戲、虛擬現實技術、經顱電磁刺激、運動訓練等,需對認知障礙初篩陰性的病人加強健康教育,引導病人重視認知功能的重要性。
4.5 口腔健康管理
2016年,世界牙科聯盟發布關于口腔健康的定義,指不僅有說話、微笑、聞味、品嘗、接觸、咀嚼、吞咽以及通過面部表情傳達一系列情緒的能力,而且不存在顱面復合體疾病、不適和疼痛[58]。已有研究表明,老年人的衰弱與口腔健康間存在相關性[59], 口腔健康下降可能導致口腔無力感增加以及咀嚼和吞咽障礙[60],咀嚼功能越差,老年人衰弱發生率越高[61];同時,吞咽障礙和營養不良也相互影響,吞咽障礙可導致或加重營養不良[62],缺乏營養又可加重衰弱或吞咽障礙[63]。目前,我國臨床護理人員對口腔健康和衰弱的認知不足,老年人對口腔健康的保健意識弱,關于老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人口腔健康管理的措施不夠完善,現有措施主要為鼓勵病人保持口腔清潔、指導病人選擇合適的餐具、調整飲食結構、進行簡單的口腔功能訓練等[64?65]。胃癌病人術中會留置鼻腸管,留置鼻腸管會減弱食管下端括約肌功能,增加反流風險,反流物進入口腔易引起誤吸和吸入性肺炎等術后并發癥發生,因此需重視這類病人的口腔健康管理,以預防衰弱和術后并發癥的發生。
4.6 基于老年綜合評估的(CGA)管理措施
CGA是一個多學科診斷過程,評估醫學、功能、心理和社會能力,最終評估衰弱狀態和各種老年綜合征[66]。存在衰弱的病人需進行定期評估,評估內容常包括一般情況評估、軀體功能狀態評估、營養評估、精神心理狀態評估、疼痛評估、口腔健康評估、睡眠評估、社會支持評估、多重用藥評估等;根據評估內容對病人實施個性化的干預措施有利于預防和管理衰弱發生。近年來,通過CGA識別和管理衰弱病人已受到越來越多的關注。一項研究對340例結直腸癌手術衰弱病人實施基于CGA的管理,結果表明,衰弱老年人預后改善[67]。基于CGA的管理措施能為病人提供個性化護理,更精確、有效地管理衰弱,還可以提高病人依從性,但這種模式耗時長且需要多學科團隊合作,在老年病房應用較多,在外科病房應用相對較少。
5" 小結
目前,關于老年胃腸腫瘤手術病人的衰弱發生率以及衰弱對該類病人的影響研究較多,研究重點已逐步轉移至衰弱的預防和管理方面,但大多數研究側重于老年胃腸腫瘤手術衰弱病人的術前管理,關于病人術中及術后衰弱的管理研究較少。此外,臨床工作人員和病人對衰弱的認知不足,缺乏從衰弱管理者角度對老年胃腸手術病人的質性研究,針對老年胃腸手術病人的衰弱評估工具尚不明確,也未形成對這類病人的標準化衰弱干預方案。今后需結合實際情況構建適用于我國病人的標準管理方案和評估工具,以改善該類病人圍術期的衰弱狀態,減少或消除衰弱對該類病人術后不良結局的影響。
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(收稿日期:2023-12-09;修回日期:2024-11-21)
(本文編輯 陳瓊)