摘" " 要:粉玉嬌香是從甘肅桃自然雜交的實生桃中選育出的觀賞桃新品種。樹勢中等,樹姿半開張,小枝紅褐色,節(jié)間中等,平均長度2.9 cm;以長花枝為主,成花容易,花芽數(shù)中等;花梅花型,重瓣,未開時似玫瑰,開時似絹花,平均花徑4.0 cm,平均花瓣數(shù)37枚;中層花瓣長1.50 cm,寬1.22 cm,卵圓形;花淺粉色;有香味;雄蕊短,雌蕊1枚,長度是雄蕊的2倍,子房茸毛多;花萼紅褐色,有茸毛,2輪,10枚,萼筒內(nèi)壁綠色;開花很早,在河南省許昌地區(qū),3月1日現(xiàn)蕾,始花期3月5日,盛花期3月中旬,末花期3月下旬,開花持續(xù)時間26 d左右,持續(xù)時間長。少有果實。耐旱,耐寒,在鄭州地區(qū)露地栽植可安全越冬,適應(yīng)范圍廣,抗逆性強。需冷量較低,在滿足需冷量300 h以上的地區(qū)均可栽植。
關(guān)鍵詞:觀賞桃;新品種;粉玉嬌香;少果
中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)02-0431-04
Breeding report of a new ornamental peach cultivar Fenyujiaoxiang
SUN Yining1, MA Hongping2, QIAO Yuxuan1, YUE Changping3, JIAO Xuehui1*, SHI Xibing1*
(1Zhengzhou Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhengzhou 450005, Henan, China; 2Yanling County Seed Industry Development Center, Yanling 461200, Henan, China; 3Yanling Donghua Planting Farmers’ Professional Cooperative, Yanling 461200, Henan, China)
Abstract: Fenyujiaoxiang is a new ornamental peach variety selected from natural hybrid peach trees in Gansu province. Gansu peach is a small tree in the peach genus, with slender and hairless branches that turn green brown when exposed to sunlight. It has a single petal, 5 petals and 5 sepals, with a diameter of 3 cm. The flowering period starts on March 6th and lasts for 10-12 days. In 2013, 50 natural hybrid seeds from the mother plant of Gansu peach were collected from the Ornamental Peach Germplasm Resource Garden of Donghua Planting Farmers Professional Cooperative in Yanling county, Xuchang City, Henan province. In the autumn of 2013, 30 seedlings were successfully bred using conventional sowing and seedling cultivation methods. In March 2015, after 30 seedlings bloomed, a unique and excellent individual plant was discovered. The individual plant started flowering around March 5th, with light pink flowers that looked like roses before blooming and silk flowers when in full blooming, with a fragrant aroma and high ornamental value. Compared with similar varieties of Gansu peaches, the flowering period is significantly longer, the number of petals and sepals is higher, and the flower diameter is larger, showing obvious specificity. Subsequently, grafting and propagation were carried out using common peach as the rootstock. In 2016, after the grafting seedlings bloomed, the budbreak period, initial flowering period, peak flowering period and final flowering period were observed and recorded. The characteristics of flowers, leaves, fruits and other traits were recorded, and indicators such as flower diameter, internode length and fruit size were measured. Continuous grafting propagation for 5 years revealed stable traits in the offspring, consistent with the performance of the mother plant. By 2021, it was finally determined to develop this variety. This tree has moderate vitality and is in a semi-open posture. Its branches are long and straight, with reddish brown color and medium internodes. The average length is 2.9 cm. Fruiting branches are mainly composed of long flower branches, easy to flower, with a moderate number of flower buds. The starting node bearing flower buds is at the 3rd to 4th node, and the average number of flowers on a single branch is 11. The flower is plum-blossom-shaped, double petaled, with an average diameter of 4.0 cm and an average of 37 petals. The petals are 1.50 cm long and 1.22 cm wide, and are oval in shape. Flower color is light pink with fragrance. The stamen is short, with one pistil, twice longer than the length of the stamen, and the ovary is hairy. Calyx is reddish brown with fuzzy hairs, 2 whorls and 10 petals, and the inner wall of the calyx tube is green. It is blooming very early. In Xuchang area of Henan province, buds appear on March 1st, with the first flowering period on March 5th, the peak flowering period in mid March, and the last flowering period in late March. The flowering period lasts for about 26 days, which is a long duration. There are few fruits. It has strong drought and cold resistance. It can safely overwinter when planted in the open field in Zhengzhou area, with a wide adaptability and strong stress resistance. It requires low cooling capacity and can be planted in areas where it can meet the cooling capacity of more than 300 hours.
Key words: Ornamental peach; New cultivar; Fenyujiaoxiang; Few fruits
觀賞桃(Prunus persica)為薔薇科(Rosaceae)李屬(Prunus L.)多年生落葉小喬木,具有花型豐富、花色鮮艷繁多、花期跨度長等觀賞性較強的特點,且適應(yīng)性強、易繁殖,通常作為觀賞植物廣泛應(yīng)用于城市景觀美化、生態(tài)環(huán)境改善、觀光農(nóng)業(yè)等領(lǐng)域中,還可作為盆栽、切花、插花等使用[1-2]。
中國桃栽培已有4000多年的歷史,桃用作觀賞栽培始于漢朝[3],晉葛洪的《西京雜記》是最早關(guān)于桃在園林中應(yīng)用的文字記載[4]。唐朝時已培育出專門的觀賞桃品種。現(xiàn)代觀賞桃的育種工作開始于20世紀20—30年代的歐美國家,中國開始于20世紀70年代,隨著桃育種技術(shù)的發(fā)展和完善,雜交育種和胚挽救技術(shù)、輻射育種技術(shù)相結(jié)合應(yīng)用到觀賞桃的選育工作中,觀賞桃品種資源被迅速挖掘,育成了一系列觀賞桃新品種。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計,中國觀賞桃品種約100余種[5],其中直枝桃53種,垂枝桃15種,壽星桃18種,帚型桃6種,雜種山桃3種。
桃花作為極具中國文化底蘊的古老而優(yōu)秀的樹種,花型豐富、花色艷麗多彩、花期早而長、株型多姿多態(tài),是不可多得的極具觀賞價值的花木[6]。近年來,各地紛紛以桃花為主題,并結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)匚幕厣蛟焯一ü?jié)。不僅營造出震撼炫彩的春季花海,同時也為當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駧砹素S厚的經(jīng)濟收益[7]。
1 選育過程
2013年在河南省許昌市鄢陵縣東華種植農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社觀賞桃種質(zhì)資源圃收集母本甘肅桃自然雜交種子50粒。2013年秋季,按照常規(guī)播種育苗方法,成功繁育種苗30株。2015年3月,30株苗開花后,從中發(fā)現(xiàn)表現(xiàn)特異的優(yōu)良單株,該單株始花期3月5日左右,花淺粉色,未開時似玫瑰,開時似絹花,有香味,觀賞價值高。隨后以毛桃為砧木,進行嫁接擴繁。2016年,嫁接苗開花后,在現(xiàn)蕾期、始花期、盛花期和末花期,觀察記錄花、葉、果等性狀表現(xiàn),測量花徑、節(jié)間長度、果實大小等指標。連續(xù)5 a(年)進行嫁接繁殖,發(fā)現(xiàn)后代性狀穩(wěn)定,與母株表現(xiàn)一致。至2021年,最終確定育成該品種,定名為粉玉嬌香(圖1),2024年獲得植物新品種權(quán)證書(證書號20240229)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 花器性狀
粉玉嬌香桃為梅花型,重瓣,平均花徑4.0 cm,平均花瓣數(shù)37枚;中層花瓣長1.50 cm,寬1.22 cm,卵圓形;花淺粉色;有香味;雄蕊短,雌蕊1枚,長度是雄蕊的2倍,子房茸毛多;花萼紅褐色,有茸毛,2輪,10枚,萼筒內(nèi)壁綠色(表1)。
2.2 生長成花習(xí)性
粉玉嬌香樹勢中等,樹體半開張,枝條長直,小枝紅褐色,節(jié)間中等,平均長2.9 cm;以長花枝為主,成花容易,花芽數(shù)中多;花芽起始節(jié)位為第3~4節(jié),單枝著花數(shù)平均11朵。
2.3 物候期
在河南省許昌地區(qū),3月1日現(xiàn)蕾,始花期3月5日,盛花期3月中旬,末花期3月下旬,開花持續(xù)時間26 d左右,持續(xù)時間長。少有果實。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點
3.1 建園
適宜栽培的范圍很廣,橫跨亞熱帶及北溫帶兩個氣候帶,適應(yīng)性、抗逆性強。喜光,不耐陰,耐寒,需冷量較低,在滿足需冷量300 h以上的地區(qū)均可栽植。對立地條件要求不嚴,耐干旱,耐瘠薄,但不耐水濕,怕漬澇,適宜在土層深厚、富含腐殖質(zhì)、排水良好、疏松肥沃及保水、保肥能力強的土壤中種植。
3.2 水肥管理
定植時穴內(nèi)要施充分腐熟的有機肥,配施少量復(fù)合肥,并疏松改良定植點周圍土壤。按照2 m×3 m或2 m× 4 m株行距栽植。前期修剪以培養(yǎng)樹形為主,后期控制旺長,促進花芽分化。早春硬枝接,5—7月芽接,以毛桃為砧木。嫁接成活后,結(jié)合旋、耕、耙,每666.7 m2施50 kg復(fù)合肥。6—7月花芽分化之前可以結(jié)合澆水增施磷鉀肥,以提高花芽質(zhì)量及數(shù)量。
粉玉嬌香桃喜干怕澇,由于其耐干旱、不耐水濕、更怕漬澇,平日注意適時中耕、鋤草,視干旱情況及時澆水。一般情況,在每年的早春和秋末各澆一次萌芽水和封凍水即可,灌水要灌足灌透,確保萌芽及冬季所需水分。雨季注意排水,勿使土壤積水,以免爛根。日常澆水按照“見干見濕”“干透澆透”的原則即可。
3.3 病蟲害防治
平時要注重樹木的管理,加強光照和通風(fēng),科學(xué)增加營養(yǎng),提高樹勢和抗病力。針對根腐病,常用代森銨200~250倍液、硫酸銅150~200倍液、2 °Bé的石硫合劑等;針對炭疽病,定期噴灑殺菌劑(如甲基托布津、代森錳鋅和苯醚甲環(huán)唑);針對流膠病,涂抹石硫合劑或生石灰粉,再刷70%甲基托布津或50%多菌靈20~30倍液;針對常見蟲害如桃蚜、桃小綠葉蟬、桃蛀螟,定期噴灑氟啶蟲胺腈(主要針對桃蚜)、高效氯氰菊酯(主要針對桃小綠葉蟬、桃蛀螟)等。
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收稿日期:2024-10-18 接受日期:2024-11-08
基金項目:中原學(xué)者工作站項目(ZYGZZ2022073);2024年度河南省林業(yè)局科技興林項目(YLK202410);2024年度河南省鄉(xiāng)村振興科技計劃項目
作者簡介:孫毅寧,女,助理研究員,主要從事園林植物育種及栽培技術(shù)研究。E-mail:sunny997@126.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:526807741@qq.com;E-mail:3511319300@qq.com