






摘要:目的探究合并肝細胞癌(HCC)對肝硬化食管胃靜脈曲張出血患者急診內鏡治療預后的影響,并分析肝硬化食管胃靜脈曲張出血未合并HCC患者急診內鏡治療預后的獨立影響因素。方法選取武漢大學人民醫院2017年1月—2023年7月肝硬化食管胃靜脈曲張出血經急診內鏡治療且未合并HCC患者117例,合并HCC患者119例。收集患者年齡、性別等基本信息;是否合并高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病等慢性疾病情況;入院后行急診內鏡時間,INR、Alb、肌酐、鈉、TBil、ALT、AST等肝功能相關指標。正態分布的連續型變量兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗;非正態分布連續型變量兩組間比較采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗。分類變量組間比較采用χ2檢驗。用協方差分析及多因素Logistic回歸分析控制基線變量再對結局變量進行比較,并繪制兩組生存時間的Kaplan-Meier曲線;對未合并HCC組生存時間進行單因素及Cox多因素回歸分析,分析生存時間的獨立影響因素,并進一步分組進行Kaplan-Meier曲線繪制及Log-rank檢驗,驗證獨立影響因素,并分析次要結局的獨立影響因素。結果合并HCC組紅細胞輸注單位明顯高于未合并HCC組[6.00(2.00~9.00)vs 4.00(1.75~7.00),Z=?2.050,P=0.040,F=4.869,調整P=0.028],生存時間明顯低于未合并HCC組[(29.77±16.01)d vs(38.07±11.43)d,t=4.574,Plt;0.001,F=17.294,調整Plt;0.001],5 d再出血情況明顯高于未合并HCC組(22.69%vs 6.84%,χ2=11.736,Plt;0.001,調整P=0.021);Kaplan-Meier曲線顯示合并HCC組42 d死亡風險是未合并HCC組的3.897倍(95%CI:2.338~6.495,Plt;0.001);對未合并HCC組進行Cox多因素回歸分析顯示,住院總時長(HR=0.793,95%CI:0.644~0.976,P=0.029)是此類患者42 d生存情況的獨立保護因素;Kaplan-Meier曲線顯示住院時長gt;9 d,有利于患者預后(HR=4.302,95%CI:1.439~12.870,P=0.037);血Na水平(OR=0.523,95%CI:0.289~0.945,P=0.032)及MELD-Na評分(OR=0.495,95%CI:0.257~0.954,P=0.036)是5 d再出血情況的獨立保護因素,AST水平是5 d再出血情況(OR=1.023,95%CI:1.002~1.043,P=0.028)及院內死亡的獨立危險因素(OR=1.036,95%CI:1.001~1.073,P=0.045)。結論合并HCC的肝硬化靜脈曲張出血患者預后更差;AST水平越高,未合并HCC組院內病死率更高;住院總時長是未合并HCC組生存時間的獨立保護因素,建議適當延長此類患者的住院時長。
關鍵詞:肝硬化;食管和胃靜脈曲張;癌,肝細胞;預后
基金項目:湖北省衛生計生面上項目(WJ2023M078)
Impact of hepatocellular carcinoma on the prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing emergency endoscopic therapy due to esophagogastric variceal bleeding
ZHU Xiaoqin,WEINa,XIAO Yong,YU Baoping
Department of Gastroenterology,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Wuhan 430060,China
Corresponding author:YU Baoping,Yu_Baoping@163.com(ORCID:0009-0005-0087-5573)
Abstract:Objective To investigate the impact of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)on the prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing emergency endoscopic therapy for esophagogastric variceal bleeding,as well as independent influencing factors for the"prognosis of liver cirrhosis patients without HCC after emergency endoscopic therapy for esophagogastric variceal bleeding.Methods A total of 117 liver cirrhosis patients without HCC and 119 liver cirrhosis patients with HCC who underwent emergency endoscopic"therapy foresophagogastric variceal bleeding in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2017 to July 2023 were enrolled.Basic information including age and sex was collected from all patients,as well as the presence or absence of chronic diseases such as hypertension,diabetes,and coronary heart disease,the time of emergency endoscopy after admission,and liver function parameters including international normalized ratio,albumin,creatinine,sodium,total bilirubin,alanine aminotransferase,and aspartate aminotransferase(AST).The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous variables between two groups,and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous variables between two groups;the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical variables between groups.The covariance analysis and the multivariate logistic regression analysis were used for comparison of outcome variables after control of baseline variables,and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted for each group.The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed for survival time in the non-HCC group to investigate the independent influencing factors for survival time,and then the Kaplan-Meier curve analysis and the log-rank test were performed to validate such independent influencing factors and analyze the independent influencing factors for secondary outcomes.Results Compared with the non-HCC group,the HCC group had significantly"higher red blood cell transfusion units(6.00[2.00~9.00]vs 4.00[1.75~7.00],Z=?2.050,P=0.040,F=4.869,adjusted P=0.028),a significantly shorter survival time(29.77±16.01 days vs 38.07±11.43 days,t=4.574,Plt;0.001,F=17.294,adjusted Plt;0.001),and a significantly higher 5-day rebleeding rate(22.69%vs 6.84%,χ2=11.736,Plt;0.001,adjusted P=0.021).The Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that the risk of 42-day mortality in the HCC group was 3.897(95%confidence interval[CI]:2.338—6.495,Plt;0.001)times that in the non-HCC group.The multivariate Cox regression analysis of the non-HCC group showed that the total length of hospital stay(hazard ratio[HR]=0.793,95%CI:0.644—0.976,P=0.029)was an independent protective factor for 42-day survival.The Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that a length of hospital stay ofgt;9 days was beneficial for the prognosis of patients(HR=4.302,95%CI:1.439—12.870,P=0.037).Blood sodium level(odds ratio[OR]=0.523,95%CI:0.289—0.945,P=0.032)and MELD-Na score(OR=0.495,95%CI:0.257—0.954,P=0.036)were independent protective factors against 5-day rebleeding,while AST level was an independent risk factor for 5-day rebleeding(OR=1.023,95%CI:1.002—1.043,P=0.028)and in-hospital death(OR=1.036,95%CI:1.001—1.073,P=0.045).Conclusion Liver cirrhosis patients with variceal bleeding and HCC tend to have a worse prognosis,and for the non-HCC group,in-hospital mortality rate increases with the increase in AST level.The total length of hospital stay is an independent protective factor for survival time in the non-HCC group,and it is recommended to appropriately prolong the length of hospital stay for such patients.
Key words:Liver Cirrhosis;Esophageal and Gastric Varices;Carcinoma,Hepatocellular;Prognosis
Research funding:Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Health Commission(WJ2023M078)
肝硬化是慢性肝病患者死亡的重要原因,肝硬化晚期可因門靜脈高壓(portal hypertension,PHT)導致食管胃靜脈曲張出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding,EGVB)[1-2]。近期研究表明肝細胞癌(HCC)增加了EGVB的風險,HCC是EGVB患者死亡的獨立危險因素[3-4]。HCC形成門靜脈癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)浸潤門靜脈及其分支,改變了肝硬化患者肝內血流,增加出血風險[5-6]。此外,中國多中心大規模數據表明,早期HCC患者在根治性切除術后2年內復發率高達60%,并建議術后輔助化療降低復發率,但部分化療藥物會導致血小板減少,進一步增加了EGVB的風險[7-9]。對于肝硬化EGVB患者,歐洲胃腸內鏡學會指南建議24 h內行內鏡檢查,有嚴重出血伴血流動力學不穩定的患者,應復蘇后行緊急內鏡檢查,對合并HCC的患者,進行內鏡下靜脈曲張套扎術(endoscopic variceal ligation,EVL)還有利于預防EGVB[10]。研究表明常規內鏡EVL失敗組門靜脈血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)發生率明顯高于成功組,HCC及PVT的存在影響患者內鏡療效,并與EVL術后2周及6周再出血率呈正相關,是EVL治療的獨立危險因素[11-12]。與常規EVL不同,急診內鏡患者常伴有嚴重的血流動力學障礙及更差的整體情況,術后成功率更低[13],對于此類患者的預后影響因素研究極為重要,但關于合并HCC對肝硬化EGVB患者急診內鏡治療預后的影響還未有報道,本研究探究了合并HCC對肝硬化EGVB患者急診內鏡治療預后的影響,并進一步探究影響未合并HCC的肝硬化EGVB患者急診內鏡治療預后的獨立因素,有利于此類患者的治療及預后評估。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對象回顧性分析武漢大學人民醫院2017年1月—2023年7月因EGVB行急診內鏡檢查的患者病歷信息,對確診肝硬化患者按以下標準納入:(1)年齡≥18歲;(2)合并或未合并HCC,HCC診斷標準參照《原發性肝癌診療指南》[14];(3)未合并除HCC以外的其他腫瘤;(4)行急診內鏡時間≤24 h。排除標準:(1)合并嚴重心腦血管疾病患者;(2)消化道出血為非EGVB患者;(3)6周內失訪的患者。按照是否合并HCC對患者進行分組研究,鑒于兩組患者在病例比例上存在顯著差異[15],此次兩組病例收集時長存在差異(圖1)。
1.2收集信息收集患者年齡、性別等基本信息;是否合并高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病等慢性疾病情況;入院后行急診內鏡時間,INR、Alb、肌酐(Cr)、Na、TBil、ALT、AST等肝功能相關指標,根據MELD及MELD-Na公式計算肝功能評分情況;主要結局指標:42 d病死率、生存時間;次要結局指標:紅細胞輸注單位、5 d再出血情況(術后是否再次出現黑便、嘔血、血紅蛋白進行性下降等)、住院總時長、重癥監護室(ICU)住院時長、院內死亡情況。
1.3統計學方法數據分析基于SPSS 25.0版本并輔以Graphpad Prism 9.5.0作圖。正態分布的連續型變量用±s表示,兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗;非正態分布連續型變量用M(P25~P75)表示,兩組間比較采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗。分類變量兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗。用協方差分析及多因素Logistic回歸分析控制基線變量再對結局變量進行比較,并繪制Kaplan-Meier曲線;對未合并HCC組生存時間進行Cox單因素及多因素回歸分析,分析生存時間的獨立影響因素,并進一步分組進行Kaplan-Meier曲線繪制及Log-rank檢驗,驗證獨立影響因素,并分析次要結局的獨立影響因素。Plt;0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1兩組基線水平比較未合并HCC組共納入117例,合并HCC組共納入119例,合并HCC組男性占比、TBil、AST、ALT、MELD-Na評分均明顯高于未合并HCC組,Alb水平明顯低于未合并HCC組(P值均lt;0.05)(表1)。
2.2兩組結局指標對比結果兩組結局指標對比顯示,合并HCC組紅細胞輸注單位、5 d再出血情況明顯高于未合并HCC組,42 d內生存時間明顯低于未合并HCC組(P值均lt;0.05)。兩組在ICU住院時長、住院總時長、院內死亡情況及42 d死亡情況比較,差異均無統計學以意義(P值均gt;0.05)(表2)。繪制Kaplan-Meier曲線,結果表明合并HCC組42 d病死率是未合并HCC組的3.897倍(HR=3.897,95%CI:2.338~6.495,Plt;0.001)(圖2)。
2.3生存時間的單因素及多因素回歸分析對未合并HCC患者42d生存時間進行Cox單因素和多因素分析,結果示:TBil及MELD評分在單因素分析中均有統計學意義(P均值lt;0.05),但在多因素分析中TBil及MELD無明顯統計學差異。5 d再出血情況和住院總時長是生存時間的獨立保護因素(P值分別為lt;0.001、0.029)(表3)。對住院總時長進行Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗顯示為非正態分布,中位數為9,依據中位數分組并進行Kaplan-Meier曲線分析,HR=4.302,95%CI:1.439~12.870,P=0.037,表明住院總時長≤9 d組42 d病死率是住院總時長gt;9 d組的4.302倍(圖3)。
2.4次要結局多因素線性或Logistic回歸分析納入基線表中的所有指標,對次要結局進行多因素線性或Logistic回歸分析。分析結果顯示(表4):血Na水平及MELD-Na評分是5 d再出血情況的獨立保護因素,AST水平是5 d再出血情況的獨立危險因素(P值均lt;0.05);AST水平是ICU住院時長及住院總時長的獨立負相關因素,但影響較?。籄LT水平是ICU住院時長及住院總時長的獨立正相關因素,但影響較?。≒值均lt;0.05);AST水平是院內死亡的獨立危險因素(Plt;0.05)。
3討論
EGVB是肝硬化的嚴重并發癥,年發生率為5%~8%,死亡率高于20%,目前對于肝硬化EGVB推薦緊急內鏡治療[16-18]。有相關研究表明與未合并HCC患者相比,HCC患者的EGVB治療5 d失敗率、6周病死率以及肝硬化相關并發癥顯著增高[19]。本研究探討了合并HCC對肝硬化EGVB患者行急診內鏡的預后影響,比較了兩組各結局指標,同時還分析了影響未合并HCC組急診內鏡患者42 d生存情況的獨立影響因素,并繪制Kaplan-Meier曲線,驗證了獨立影響因素,進一步研究了未合并HCC組次要結局指標的獨立影響因素。本研究結果顯示合并HCC患者的Alb水平較未合并HCC患者低,而AST水平、MELD-Na評分高于未合并HCC患者,這與既往研究結果相似,既往研究結果顯示HCC患者中位Alb低于非HCC組,而AST水平高于非HCC組[20],并有進一步研究顯示,與非HCC慢性肝病患者相比,AST升高的水平與≤3 cm的HCC存在更相關[21]。這可能與肝臟細胞遭到破壞,HCC患者的腸道微生物群多樣性、結構和數量方面發生顯著變化相關,這些均會導致AST等肝功能相關指標發生變化[22]。
在預后指標對比分析時,發現合并HCC組5 d再出血率明顯高于未合并HCC組,研究報道HCC是自發性出血的最常見原因,10%的HCC患者表現為出血[23]。此外HCC患者可能因使用化療藥物導致血小板減少,出血傾向更明顯,同時HCC患者MELD-Na評分高于未合并HCC患者,患者肝功能更差,合成凝血因子的能力下降,出血難以停止[7]。血栓形成患者內鏡治療后再出血的風險顯著增加,HCC易致PVTT,PVTT形成與腫瘤細胞本身對PVTT的影響、腫瘤基質變化及能量代謝等相關[24]。血小板活化在PVTT形成過程中增強,血小板功能亢進,纖維蛋白溶解受損等導致止血系統失衡,進一步增加了此類患者再次出血概率[9,25-26]。出血風險增加也導致合并HCC患者的紅細胞輸入需求增大,充分的出血預防有助于改善此類患者的預后[6,25-27]。本研究結果顯示合并HCC患者42 d生存情況明顯較未合并HCC組差,多項研究表明HCC的存在會加重PHT,增加了肝硬化患者EGVB死亡風險[3,5]。PVTT形成導致肝內血管阻力增加、肝內血管環境發生變化、細菌異位等,進一步加重PHT,與EGVB患者不良預后相關[24,28]。HCC造成PVTT的發生及其如何影響肝硬化合并EGVB患者急診內鏡治療預后的具體機制還有待進一步探究。
對未合并HCC組42 d生存情況進行Cox多因素回歸分析結果顯示住院總時長是其獨立保護因素,這可能與住院期間患者有更好的血流動力學復蘇及治療相關,提示適當的延長此類患者的住院時長有助于預后。既往研究顯示包含TBil的ALBI評分可以預測急診內鏡后患者的6周病死率,本研究單因素分析中也提示TBil對肝硬化EGVB患者預后存在影響,但在多因素分析中不是獨立的影響因素,這可能與樣本量較小相關[29]。AST及ALT對未合并HCC患者的ICU住院時長及住院總時長均有獨立影響,但影響均不明顯,也許還需要更大的樣本來驗證這一結果。
MELD、MELD-Na是目前用于肝功能評估的常見評分系統,可以較好預測患者的預后情況[30]。本研究結果表明MELD-Na評分及血Na水平是5 d再出血情況的獨立保護因素,根據MELD-Na評分公式,血Na水平與MELD-Na呈負相關,二者應該呈現相反情況,這一結果的出現可能由于在判斷5天再出血情況時是依據患者臨床表現,導致此項結局指標欠客觀判斷,數據統計存在誤差。
本研究報道了合并HCC對肝硬化EGVB患者的預后影響,并分析了肝硬化EGVB未合HCC患者預后的獨立影響因素,報道了住院總時長對此類患者的獨立影響,研究結果提示適當增加此類患者住院時長,有助于此類患者的生存預后。既往研究表明HCC及肝硬化合并HCC患者的主要病因均為乙型肝炎、其次為丙型肝炎[31-32],研究未進一步統計兩組患者肝硬化病因,是本研究的不足之一;此外,隨訪過程中,因死亡患者家屬無法辨別死亡原因,本研究未進行死亡原因分析,希望日后能進一步進行死因分析;研究的樣本來自單中心,樣本量較小,部分結局指標存在系統誤差,希望后續在多中心大樣本中進行統計對比分析。
倫理學聲明:本研究方案于2024年6月25日經武漢大
學人民醫院倫理委員會審批,批號:WDRY2024-K142。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明:朱小琴負責擬定寫作思路、數據分析,并撰寫論文;韋娜參與收集數據,修改論文;肖勇負責課題設計,修改論文;余保平指導撰寫文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-07-09;錄用日期:2024-09-03
本文編輯:王亞南