


【摘要】目的" 利用雙樣本孟德爾隨機(jī)化(Mendelian randomization,MR)研究方法探究牙周炎(periodontitis,PD)、慢性牙周炎(chronic periodontitis,CP)、復(fù)雜性慢性牙周炎(complicated chronic periodontitis,CCP)與良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)的因果關(guān)系以及血漿炎癥因子的中介作用。方法" 使用FinnGen與GWAS項(xiàng)目的BPH、PD、CP、CCP,以及循環(huán)炎癥因子水平的遺傳數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行雙樣本MR分析。使用逆方差加權(quán)(inverse-variance weighting,IVW)、MR Egger、加權(quán)中位數(shù)、簡(jiǎn)單眾數(shù)法和加權(quán)眾數(shù)法進(jìn)行分析。使用IVW分析血漿炎癥因子在CCP與BPH之間的中介效應(yīng)。結(jié)果" IVW顯示PD、CP與BPH不存在顯著的因果關(guān)系,CCP增加BPH的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[OR=1.14,95%CI(1.04,1.25),PFDR=0.028]。白血病抑制因子[OR=1.14,95%CI(1.02,1.28),PFDR=0.024]和C-C基序趨化因子28[OR=1.11,95%CI(1.00,1.23),PFDR=0.047]可以促進(jìn)BPH;活化誘導(dǎo)的受體核因子κB配體[OR=0.89,95%CI(0.81,0.99),PFDR=0.024]、Fms樣酪氨酸激酶3配體[OR=0.88,95%CI(0.79,0.98),PFDR=0.022]、抑瘤素M[OR=0.84,95%CI(0.72,0.98),PFDR=0.022]、C-X-C基序趨化因子9[OR=0.83,95%CI(0.74,0.93),PFDR=0.001]和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶8[OR=0.82,95%CI(0.69,0.96),PFDR=0.015]的血漿水平與BPH風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有顯著負(fù)向關(guān)聯(lián)。但這些炎癥因子在CCP與BPH之間并不存在顯著的中介效應(yīng)。結(jié) 論" CCP會(huì)增加BPH的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),部分炎癥因子也會(huì)增加BPH發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但這些炎癥因子未介導(dǎo)CCP對(duì)BPH的作用,未來仍需進(jìn)一步研究CCP增加BPH發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)機(jī)制。
【關(guān)鍵詞】牙周炎;良性前列腺增生;炎癥因子;孟德爾隨機(jī)化;中介分析
【中圖分類號(hào)】R 697+.3;R 781.4+2 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A
The association between periodontitis, plasma inflammatory factors, and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a mediation Mendelian randomization study
JIA Haichang1,2, FAN Jiuming2,3, FANG Cheng2, ZENG Xiantao1,2
1. Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
2. Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
3. Department of Urology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475400, Henan Province, China
Corresponding author: ZENG Xiantao, Email: zengxiantao1128@163.com
【Abstract】Objective" To investigate the potential causal relationships between periodontitis (PD), chronic periodontitis (CP), complicated chronic periodontitis (CCP), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), as well as the mediating effect of plasma inflammatory factors, using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods" Genetic data on BPH, PD, CP, CCP, and circulating inflammatory factors levels were obtained from the FinnGen and GWAS projects for two-sample MR analysis. The inverse-variance weighting (IVW) method, MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods were employed for analyses. The mediating effect of plasma inflammatory factors on the association between CCP and BPH was assessed using IVW. Results" The IVW analysis indicated no significant causal relationship between PD, CP, and BPH. However, CCP was associated with an increased risk of BPH [OR=1.14, 95% CI (1.04, 1.25), PFDR=0.028]. Among inflammatory factors, leukemia inhibitory factor [OR=1.14, 95%CI(1.02, 1.28), PFDR=0.024] and C-C motif chemokine 28 [OR=1.11, 95%CI(1.00, 1.23), PFDR=0.047] were found to promote BPH. Conversely, plasma levels of TNF-related activation-induced cytokine [OR=0.89, 95%CI(0.81, 0.99), PFDR=0.024], Fms- like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand [OR=0.88, 95%CI(0.79, 0.98), PFDR=0.022], Oncostatin M [OR=0.84, 95%CI(0.72, 0.98), PFDR=0.022], C-X-C motif chemokine 9 [OR=0.83, 95%CI(0.74, 0.93), PFDR=0.001], and caspase-8 [OR=0.82, 95%CI(0.69, 0.96), PFDR=0.015] were significantly negatively associated with BPH risk. However, no significant mediating effect of these inflammatory factors was observed in the association between CCP and BPH. Conclusion" CCP increases the risk of BPH, and certain inflammatory factors also contribute to BPH risk. However, these factors do not mediate the effect of CCP on BPH. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the association between CCP and BPH risk.
【Keywords】Periodontitis; Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Inflammatory factors; Mendelian randomization; Mediation analysis
牙周炎(periodontitis,PD)是一種常見的牙頜系統(tǒng)疾病,根據(jù)炎癥過程可分為急性牙周炎和慢性牙周炎(chronic periodontitis,CP)[1-2]。CP又可根據(jù)骨喪失嚴(yán)重程度和局部因素復(fù)雜程度分為單純性慢性牙周炎和復(fù)雜性慢性牙周炎(complicated chronic periodontitis,CCP)[3]。PD的發(fā)生與牙齦和牙周組織中菌群的失調(diào)以及免疫系統(tǒng)異常密切相關(guān)[4-6]。其病理表現(xiàn)包括牙周組織的破壞、牙槽骨的萎縮,進(jìn)一步可導(dǎo)致牙齒松動(dòng)甚至脫落[7]。
良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)是老年男性中常見的疾病,主要引起老年男性的下尿路癥狀[8],其發(fā)病率隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而上升 [9-11]。BPH的發(fā)生與炎癥和性激素的作用有關(guān) [12],臨床研究顯示,超過77%的BPH患者前列腺組織中存在慢性炎癥浸潤,且炎癥程度與前列腺體積增大、下尿路癥狀加重及手術(shù)干預(yù)需求呈正相關(guān)[13]。多種炎癥因子(如IL-1β、IL-6、CXCL12等)已被證明可以激活炎癥相關(guān)信號(hào)通路,導(dǎo)致前列腺細(xì)胞增殖[14-15]。
一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究顯示牙周病可以使BPH的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加[16]。最近提出的口腔—前列腺軸概念,即包括PD在內(nèi)的慢性口腔感染可能通過全身系統(tǒng)性傳播影響前列腺等遠(yuǎn)端器官[17]。這一假設(shè)認(rèn)為,與PD相關(guān)的口腔致病菌,尤其是牙齦卟啉單胞菌,不僅造成了牙周疾病,還可以激活前列腺細(xì)胞IL-6/IL-6R信號(hào)通路,導(dǎo)致前列腺上皮和基質(zhì)明顯增生、膠原纖維化增加。這些研究提示PD與BPH可能存在著一定聯(lián)系[18-19]。本研究通過孟德爾隨機(jī)化(Mendelian randomization,MR)研究探討PD、CP、CCP與BPH之間是否存在因果關(guān)系,以及這種因果關(guān)系是否通過血漿炎癥因子介導(dǎo),以期為牙周病和BPH的關(guān)聯(lián)提供證據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究設(shè)計(jì)
首先,分別以PD、CP、CCP作為暴露因素,BPH作為結(jié)局因素,以單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)作為工具變量(instrumental variables,IVs),利用雙樣本MR方法探究不同類型牙周病對(duì)BPH的影響。然后,使用雙樣本MR分析篩選與BPH相關(guān)的血漿炎癥因子,并探討篩選出的炎癥因子是否受牙周病的影響,以確定炎癥因子是否在牙周病與BPH之間存在中介效應(yīng)[20](附件圖1)。
1.2 數(shù)據(jù)來源
BPH數(shù)據(jù)來源于GWAS Catalog的公開數(shù)據(jù)集(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/)。循環(huán)炎癥因子數(shù)據(jù)同樣來自GWAS Catalog的公開數(shù)據(jù)集(編號(hào):GCST90274758至GCST90274834)。PD、CP、CCP的數(shù)據(jù)來源于FinnGen數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.finngen.fi/en)。BPH與PD、CP、CCP數(shù)據(jù)詳細(xì)信息與來源見表1。研究數(shù)據(jù)均公開來源,無需倫理委員會(huì)審批。
1.3 工具變量篩選
為保證從相關(guān)GWAS數(shù)據(jù)庫中選擇的SNPs的可靠性,對(duì)所選SNPs要求如下:①SNP與暴露因子有顯著關(guān)聯(lián),為保證SNP的數(shù)量,篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)定為P<5×10-6,并通過連鎖不平衡篩選(參數(shù)設(shè)定為r2<0.001,kb<10 000)剔除可能存在連鎖的SNP,F(xiàn)值>10,以排除弱IVs偏倚的影響;②IVs僅通過暴露因素影響結(jié)局,即IVs與結(jié)局無直接關(guān)聯(lián);③IVs與其他混雜因素?zé)o關(guān)[21-22]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用R 4.3.2軟件和TwoSampleMR包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,采用逆方差加權(quán)法(inverse-variance weighting,IVW)作為主要方法,同時(shí)結(jié)合加權(quán)中位數(shù)法(weighted median estimator,WME)、MR-Egger回歸法、簡(jiǎn)單眾數(shù)法(simple mode,SM)和加權(quán)眾數(shù)法(weighted mode,WM)評(píng)估因果關(guān)系。結(jié)果以優(yōu)勢(shì)比(odds ratio,OR)和95%置信區(qū)間(95% confidence interval,95%CI)表示。為控制多重遺傳工具所引入的假陽性率,IVW的P值均采用假發(fā)現(xiàn)率(1 discovery rate,F(xiàn)DR)進(jìn)行校正,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。使用Cochran's Q統(tǒng)計(jì)量評(píng)估異質(zhì)性(P>0.05提示不存在異質(zhì)性)。通過MR- Egger截距法檢驗(yàn)水平多效性(P>0.05表明無顯著水平多效性)。利用MR-PRESSO方法檢測(cè)多效性并識(shí)別潛在的離群值。使用漏斗圖反映MR分析結(jié)果是否存在異質(zhì)性。使用留一法逐一剔除SNP,評(píng)估單個(gè)SNP對(duì)結(jié)果穩(wěn)定性的影響[23]。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 工具變量
根據(jù)篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(P<5×10-6,r2<0.001,kb<10 000,F(xiàn)值>10)對(duì)IVs進(jìn)行篩選。以三種類型的牙周病作為暴露因素,BPH作為結(jié)局,每組均有8個(gè)SNPs納入MR分析(附件表1)。對(duì)于血漿炎癥因子,篩選得到的顯著SNPs數(shù)量范圍為15~51(附件表2)。
2.2 三種牙周病對(duì)BPH的因果效應(yīng)
2.2.1 MR分析結(jié)果
分別以PD、CP、CCP為暴露因素,BPH為結(jié)局因素,IVW結(jié)果顯示,PD[OR=1.04,95%CI(0.95,1.14),PFDR=0.358]、CP[OR=1.15,95%CI(1.00,1.32),PFDR=0.113]與BPH之間沒有顯著的因果關(guān)系;CCP與BPH之間存在顯著正向關(guān)聯(lián)[OR=1.14,95%CI(1.04,1.25),PFDR=0.028]。基于MR Egger法、WME、SM和WM的MR分析結(jié)果顯示,三種牙周病與BPH關(guān)聯(lián)的β值均與IVW的β值方向一致,見表2。
2.2.2 敏感性分析
Cochran's Q檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,三種牙周病與BPH的MR分析中所有SNPs效應(yīng)無顯著異質(zhì)性(P >0.05);MR-Egger檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,三種牙周病與BPH的Egger截距值與0均不存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05);MR-PRESSO離群值檢驗(yàn)評(píng)估顯示,三種牙周病各自的SNP均不存在顯著水平多效性(P>0.05)(表3)。IVW的漏斗圖結(jié)果顯示,淺藍(lán)色分界線兩側(cè)散點(diǎn)分布較為均勻(附 件圖2)。留一法結(jié)果顯示,三種牙周病對(duì)BPH的MR分析中,在剔除單個(gè)SNP后的效應(yīng)估計(jì)結(jié)果穩(wěn)健,未受單個(gè)SNP的顯著影響(附件圖3)。
2.3 炎癥因子對(duì)BPH的因果效應(yīng)
使用IVW篩選出7種與BPH顯著相關(guān)的炎癥因子,其中白血病抑制因子(leukemia inhibitory factor,LIF)[OR=1.14,95%CI(1.02,1.28),PFDR=0.024]、C-C基序趨化因子28(C-C motif chemokine 28,CCL28)[OR=1.11,95%CI(1.00,1.23),PFDR=0.047]的血漿水平與BPH風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有顯著正向關(guān)聯(lián);活化誘導(dǎo)的受體核因子κB配體(TNF-related activation-induced cytokine,TRANCE)[OR=0.89,95%CI(0.81,0.99),PFDR=0.024]、Fms樣酪氨酸激酶3配體(Fms like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand,F(xiàn)lt3L)[OR=0.88,95%CI(0.79,0.98),PFDR=0.022]、抑瘤素M(Oncostatin M,OSM)[OR=0.84,95%CI(0.72,0.98),PFDR=0.022]、C-X-C基序趨化因子9(C-X-C motif chemokine 9,CXCL9)[OR=0.83,95%CI(0.74,0.93),PFDR= 0.001]和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶8(caspase-8,CASP-8)[OR=0.82,95%CI(0.69,0.96),PFDR=0.015]的血漿水平與BPH風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有顯著負(fù)向關(guān)聯(lián)(表 4)。
2.4 炎癥因子在CCP與BPH間的中介效應(yīng)
使用中介MR進(jìn)一步探討以上7種炎癥因子是否在CCP與BPH之間存在中介效應(yīng),結(jié)果顯示CCP與這些炎癥因子無顯著因果關(guān)聯(lián)(P>0.05),炎癥因子在CCP與BPH之間不存在中介效應(yīng),見表5。
3 討論
本研究通過MR分析探討了PD、CP、CCP與BPH之間的因果關(guān)系。盡管既往MR分析結(jié)果未顯示PD和BPH之間存在因果關(guān)系[24],但其并未納入CP及CCP作為暴露因素,無法全面評(píng)估各類型PD對(duì)BPH的影響。本研究分析結(jié)果表明CCP與BPH之間存在顯著因果關(guān)系。但本研究結(jié)果未顯示PD與BPH發(fā)生之間存在顯著的因果關(guān)系,這可能是受限于PD作為暴露變量時(shí)涵蓋了更廣泛的患者群體,包含了炎癥作用時(shí)間更短的急性PD,繼而稀釋了PD整體與BPH的因果關(guān)聯(lián)。
本研究進(jìn)一步探討了血漿炎癥因子水平是否與BPH存在關(guān)聯(lián)。研究結(jié)果顯示,炎癥因子LIF和CCL28對(duì)BPH的發(fā)生具有促進(jìn)作用,這一結(jié)果表明特定的炎癥因子可能通過激活炎癥反應(yīng)加劇前列腺的增生進(jìn)程。LIF是IL-6超家族的一員,可通過激活gp130/JAK/STAT3信號(hào)通路,調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫,促進(jìn)腫瘤進(jìn)展[25]。一項(xiàng)在BPH組織上皮和基質(zhì)的免疫組織化學(xué)分析研究中也觀察到LIF表達(dá)的上調(diào)[26]。CCL28屬于CC型趨化因子家族[27],可以通過激活PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖[28]。這兩種炎癥因子可能是BPH的潛在研究靶點(diǎn)。此外,TRANCE、Flt3L、OSM、CXCL9、CASP-8在炎癥反應(yīng)、抗腫瘤免疫、細(xì)胞程序性死亡等過程中發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,可能在BPH中發(fā)揮著潛在的保護(hù)作用[28-32]。
然而,中介分析結(jié)果提示炎癥因子水平在CCP與BPH之間并不存在顯著的中介效應(yīng),這提示了CCP可能并不是通過提高全身血漿炎癥因子水平促進(jìn)BPH。CCP促進(jìn)BPH的機(jī)制可能是PD病原體的毒力因子(如脂多糖、外膜囊泡、蛋白酶、鞭毛等)對(duì)前列腺細(xì)胞的直接刺激[33]。這些毒力因子可以激活前列腺細(xì)胞Toll樣受體,繼而觸發(fā)JAK2/STAT3、PI3K/Akt、NF-κB/Nrf2等炎癥信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)前列腺細(xì)胞增殖,抑制前列腺細(xì)胞凋亡[34-35]。同時(shí)這些炎癥因子可能通過復(fù)雜的信號(hào)通路或不同的旁路影響B(tài)PH,而非單一的線性中介作用。需要注意得是,本研究中炎癥因子來源于血漿,雖然結(jié)果顯示這些來源于血漿的炎癥因子在CCP與BPH之間并不存在中介效應(yīng),但存在于前列腺組織中的炎癥因子是否介導(dǎo)CCP對(duì)BPH的作用仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
本研究仍存在著一些局限性。盡管MR方法能夠有效減少混雜因素的干擾,但其仍然受到遺傳工具的質(zhì)量和可獲得性的限制。本研究?jī)H使用了歐洲人群數(shù)據(jù),這可能限制了結(jié)果的外部適用性。不同種族群體可能在基因背景、環(huán)境因素以及生活方式方面存在差異,未來的研究應(yīng)當(dāng)擴(kuò)展到多種族人群中,評(píng)估這些結(jié)果在不同種族群體中的穩(wěn)定性和適用性。
綜上所述,MR分析結(jié)果顯示CCP會(huì)增加BPH的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。LIF和CCL28等血漿炎癥因子對(duì)BPH存在顯著影響,但這些炎癥因子未介導(dǎo)CCP對(duì)BPH的作用。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)了控制PD、減輕全身性炎癥對(duì)于降低BPH發(fā)生發(fā)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的重要性。未來仍需進(jìn)一步研究CCP增加BPH發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)機(jī)制。
附件見《醫(yī)學(xué)新知》官網(wǎng)附錄(https://yxxz.whuznhmedj.com/futureApi/storage/appendix/202412135.pdf)
倫理聲明:不適用
作者貢獻(xiàn):研究設(shè)計(jì)與論文撰寫:賈海昌、樊九銘、方程;數(shù)據(jù)采集與分析:賈海昌、樊九銘;研究指導(dǎo)與經(jīng)費(fèi)支持:曾憲濤
數(shù)據(jù)獲取:本研究中使用和(或)分析的數(shù)據(jù)可在https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/和https://www.finngen.fi/en網(wǎng)站獲取
利益沖突聲明:無
致謝:不適用
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本文編輯:李緒輝" " " " "曹 越
引用本文:賈海昌, 樊九銘, 方程, 等. 牙周炎和血漿炎癥因子與良性前列腺增生之間的關(guān)聯(lián): 一項(xiàng)中介孟德爾隨機(jī)化研究 [J]. 醫(yī)學(xué)新知, 2025, 35(3): 312-318. DOI: 10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511.202412135.
Jia HC, Fan JM, Fang C, et al. The association between periodontitis, plasma inflammatory factors, and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a mediation Mendelian randomization study[J]. Yixue Xinzhi Zazhi, 2025, 35(3): 312-318. DOI: 10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511.202412135.
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(82100817)
通信作者:曾憲濤,博士,教授,主任醫(yī)師,博士研究生導(dǎo)師,Email:zengxiantao1128@163.com