編者按:親愛的同學們,為了幫助大家更好地備考英語,初中生世界編輯部特推出復習專刊,幫助大家系統梳理中考英語相關知識點。我們按照江蘇省各地中考常見題型分類,以專題形式呈現相關復習策略、答題技巧、真題講解和模擬訓練,希望能幫助大家夯實基礎、提升能力。愿同學們以更加充分的準備、更加自信的心態迎接挑戰!
復習有方
聽是獲取信息的基本方式。英語聽力試題素材涵蓋“人與自我”“人與社會”及“人與自然”三大主題范疇,主要考查同學們的辨析能力、應答能力和運用能力,要求同學們能獲取和梳理語篇的主旨要義和關鍵細節;能識別說話者的措辭、語氣等,推斷對話者之間的關系;能理解和推斷日常生活中說話者的意圖,如請求、計劃等;能借助語境克服生詞障礙,理解語篇的信息和意義;能獲取和梳理語篇中一系列事件的主題和因果關系,預測故事情節和結局;在聽的過程中,能針對語篇的內容有選擇地記錄信息和要點。

1.關注特殊疑問詞,抓住問題中心
聽錄音前,同學們要快速瀏覽題目,抓住人物(who)事件(what)、時間(when)、地點(where)、原因(why)、方式(how)、頻度(howoften/soon)等信息,推測對話內容,帶著疑問聽,從而確定語篇的重點,為接下來的解題做好準備。如問題是問“誰”,我們就要把注意力集中在人物上。
2.捕捉關鍵信息,做好要點筆記
捕捉關鍵信息是做好聽力的一個重要方面。同學們要邊聽邊思考,排除干擾信息。聽錄音時,要根據問題的提示,對數字、人物、時間等關鍵信息進行簡單記錄,根據疑問詞確定聽力重點,有重點地進行信息記錄,盡可能抓住語篇的要點。
3.分析推理,優化信息
聽錄音時,同學們不一定能聽懂聽力材料中的每個詞或每個句子,要根據上下文或信息的前后聯系來推理、分析、修正、判斷、猜測詞義或問題的答案。聽到轉折詞如but,however,instead等時,要特別注意轉折詞之后句子的意思。因為在口語表達中,說話人有時出于某些原因,不直接表達是或否,而是用遷回的方式間接地表示。分析推理可以幫助大家從細節和整體上更好地把握聽力內容,了解對話人的“弦外之音”,把握說話者的真實含義。
4.整體考量,不因小失大
同學們還要注意答題時不能因為一個詞聽不清,就停下來冥思苦想,這樣會顧此失彼。這時大家要果斷地集中精力聽下一題。


1.讀圖識圖,識別出表達圖意的關鍵詞
圖文搭配類聽力要求同學們能把正確的圖畫語言與所聽到的內容聯系起來,具有生動、簡明的特點。做好這類聽力題的關鍵是“聽音\"“明意”。一是要能聽懂句意,而聽懂句意的前提是能抓住句中的“關鍵詞”;二是要具備“讀圖、識圖\"的能力,清楚圖畫中的人物、動作、形態等,理解它們傳達的信息,識別出表達圖意的關鍵詞。例如下列題目:
(1)How many eggs do they need to buy?

(2)What is the weatherlike today?

(3)What happened to Kate yesterday?

(4)Where does Mum ask Sam to put the photo?

聽力原文
(1)W: How many eggs do we need to buy? M: Eight eggs would be enough.
(2)M: Are we going to the park today? W: No. Look! It's raining.
(3)W:Mrs Green said Kate is sick. M: It's not serious. She had a fever yesterday,but she is better now.
(4)W: Sam, please put this photo next to the TV. M: OK, Mum. It’s a nice photo.

聽錄音時,同學們要根據問題的提示,捕捉數字(eight)、天氣(raining)健康狀況(fever)、物品位置(photo,nexttoTV)等關鍵信息,記錄關鍵詞,仔細看圖或標志,理解它們傳達的信息,選擇對應的圖片。
2.對比選項差異信息,抓住要點
聽短對話選答案要求同學們能夠迅速理解對話的主題、人物關系以及關鍵信息,同時還要具備一定的推理、判斷以及迅速抓住要點的能力。聽力話題廣泛,如詢問時間、文娛活動、就餐、偏好和愛好、個人情感、人際關系、打電話、問路、看病、邀請、談論天氣、假日活動、買票等。聽前要及時、迅速地閱讀題目、題干和選項,根據題目中所給出的信息來比較推測對話的內容,帶著問題去聽,有重點地去聽。聽的時候要注意各選項中信息相近或重疊的部分,這些信息往往包含錄音中所涵蓋的內容,同學們要辨別出差異信息。例如下面的短對話:
(1)What does the boy want to do at the book festival?
A.Read manybooks.
B.Write book reviews.
C.Meetfamouswriters.
(2)What does Susan want to have for dinner?
A.Pizza. B. Dumplings. C. Noodles.
(3)Which type of films does Kate dislike?
A.Action films. B.Comedies. C.Horror films.
(4)Why is Anna feeling sad?
A. Because her cat is missing.
B.Because hercat is hurt.
C.Because hercatis sick.
(5)How will Andy help Lucy with her trip to Guangzhou?
A.He will go there together with Lucy.
B.He will write a list of places to visit there.
C.He will ask his friends there to show Lucy around.

聽力原文
(1)W: Don’t forget the book festival at school next week! M:Ilook forward to it. Iwant toread lots ofbooks.
(2)M: Susan, what kind of food would you suggest for dinner? W: How about Chinese food? I'd like to have dumplings.
(3)M: Kate, would you like to go to the cinema with me? W: Well, what film are you going to see? I hate horror film (4)W: Anna is unhappy,Her cat is missing, M: Let’s go and cheer her up.
(5)W: I haven’t been to Guangzhou before. Andy, can you help me plan my trip?
M: Yes, Lucy. I' ll make a list of places to visit in Guangzhou for you.

短對話的信息量不大,話題單一,信息復現的概率也比較低,對同學們的注意力、理解力和反應能力提出了一定的要求。其中,推斷類的題目需要同學們聽懂對話全部內容,才能做出正確判斷。比如,第5題,通過閱讀問題圈出關鍵詞how,her trip toGuangzhou,瀏覽選項,找出重疊的部分是Hewill,三個主語都是he,指代Andy,聚焦各選項差異信息 go there together,write a list of places 和ask his friends there to show Lucyaround。理解具體信息有助于把握話題內容,領會說話者意圖,這是聽力考查的重點內容。
3.辨認角色關系,辨析具體細節
相比短對話,長對話話輪多,信息量較大,對聽力的要求也就更高。長對話側重考查同學們對聽力材料的整體理解、部分細節理解,以及根據對話內容進行簡單推理判
斷的能力。同學們首先要理清對話人的身份和關系、所談論的主要內容、對話發生的場所等主要信息,再跟著話輪的轉換,辨析具體細節。例如下列聽力:
(1)What does Vicky think about learning French?
A.Itiseasyand fun.
B.It is interesting but challenging.
C.It is difficult and boring.
(2)What does Paul think is the most difficult part of learning German?
A. The spelling. B.The pronunciation. C. The grammar.
聽力原文
M: Hi Vicky,how have you been?
W: I’ ve been good, I’m learning French this year. It’ s interesting but challenging.
M: Wow, French! I' ve heard that it’s a difficult language.
W: It is, especially the pronunciation. But I’ve always wanted to visit France.
M: I'd like to travel to Germany. That’s why I started learning German last year.
W: That’s cool.What’s the most difficult part of learning German?
M: I think the grammar is the mostdifficult part.
W: Well, good luck to both of us. See you later, Paul!

本對話是一男(Paul)一女(Vicky)在談論語言學習。如果我們弄不清對話的主要內容、兩人之間的關系以及話輪之間的轉換,就不容易選出“WhatdoesVickythink aboutlearningFrench?”的正確答案。這兩題的問題分別涉及Vicky和Paul。我們需要透過給定的具體細節和事實情況,進行揣摩推斷,判斷Vicky對學習法語的態度觀點,辨析Paul學習德語過程中覺得最困難的部分。同學們要通過聽,進入相關語用場景,厘清對話中的人物關系,在語言運用過程中,逐步掌握話輪轉換的形式和規律,提高聽懂較長對話的能力。
4.聽前預覽預測,聽中驗證或修正預測和判斷
聽短文完成信息記錄表這一題型不僅考查同學們的聽力水平,而且考查大家閱讀表格和理解語篇的能力,作答難度較大。同學們要先仔細閱讀表格,根據短文題目預測文章內容;閱讀標題下面項目,了解文章的結構和主要內容,并確定聽力重點。當聽到的信息與預測信息不同甚至截然相反時,要能及時做出調整,不斷修正自己的預測和判斷。例如下列聽力:

(1)A.The community centre B.The youth centre C. The park (2)A.a bird B.a fish C. a dragon (3)A.The Smith family B.The Green family C.TheBrown family
聽力原文
Our family live in a friendly community. The community organized activities every month. Last month they organized a kite-flying competition. Many families made their own kites and took part in it and so did my family. The competition was held in the community part on Saturday. The weather was perfect for flying kites. Our familymadea kite in the shape of a fish,but it didn’t fly very high.Our neighbor, the Smith family,made a great kite. It flew thehighest and they won the competition.

填人信息表中所留空格的不一定是一個詞,有可能是一個詞組或半個句子;也不一定都是原文,可能會進行適當的信息轉換。在聽的過程中,同學們可根據短文內容對自己的預測進行驗證,并根據言外之意推斷人物的真實意圖。在語篇層面的具體語境中,聽前閱讀表格可以預測錄音原文大意和結構;在聽的過程中,圍繞語篇內容記錄重點信息,整體理解和簡要概括主要內容。
5.整體理解,抓住主旨
短文理解考查同學們對一個結構比較完整、意義相對連貫的語段的理解能力,是一種高層次、有難度的聽力測試形式。短文理解大部分是記敘文或講話稿,通常要求我們回答五個問題。文章的開頭往往是對短文內容的概括,如講話目的、主要內容、作者論點、故事發生的事由等。短文都是圍繞一個中心展開的,有時主旨大意較明顯,有時則需要歸納、概括。常見的提問方式有:What’s the passage mainly about?What’s thetopic of thepassage?文段中間部分主要是細節描述,或是作者為了證實自己的觀點,進一步舉出的例證。例如下列題目:
(1)Who does Helen take photos for in her spare time?
A. Magazines. B. Newspapers. C.A photo website.
(2)What is Helen talking about today?
A.Taking photos of animals and plants.
B.Using mobile phones to take photos.
C.Taking photos of animals and people.
(3)Why does Helen love going to the zoo?
A.Because she can take photos of bigger animals.
B.Because itis free to visit the zoo.
C.Because she likes the plants in the zoo.
(4)What is the giraffe doing in Helen’s photo?
A.Eating leaves. B. Sleeping. C. Drinking water.
(5)How does Helen feel when she looks at the photos she took?
A. Happy and relaxed.
B. Happy and proud.
C. Surprised and satisfied.

聽力原文
Good morning. My name is Helen. I love taking photos. In my spare time, I take photos for magazines. So today, I’m going to talk to you about taking photos of animals and plants. It doesn't matter if you don't have an expensive camera. You can use your mobile phone. Mobile phones have good cameras on them these days. Parks and zoos are great places to go,and find animals and plants to take photos of. I love going to the zoo in our city because it gives me a chance to take photos of bigger animals I can’t find in the wild. Now I'm going to show you some photos I took on my last visit to the zoo. This is a great one of a giraffe eating leaves,and look at that one of an elephant family. Every time Ilook at the photos I took, I feel happy and relaxed.

第(2)題\"Whatis Helen talking about today?”是一個主旨問題,要求同學們對聽到的內容有一個整體的把握和全面的領會,抓住說話者究竟在說什么,主旨大意較明顯,出現在段落的前面。我們在聽短文前,要快速瀏覽題目,了解材料的大概內容,使聽的重點集中到關鍵部分;聽短文時,注意捕捉并記錄文中所涉及的人物(who)、事件(what)、時間(when)、地點(where)、原因(why)、方式(how)、程度(how long,how soon,how much)、數字(howmany/how much)、選擇(which)等,要特別注意題目及選項中的關鍵詞,帶著問題有目的地聽短文,善于取舍,從而在較短時間內選出正確答案。