玩轉“四大金剛”
——詳解英語句子的種類

陳傳光供稿

英語句子按其用途可分為：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。我們暫且稱之為“四大金剛”，這期我們就給同學們總結歸納一下。只要我們能熟練玩轉這“四大金剛”，很多問題就能迎刃而解啦。

一、陳述句

陳述句是用來陳述或說明某一事實或某種觀點的句子，包括肯定句和否定句兩種。

【練習導航】

將下列句子改為否定句，每空一詞。

1. He has already finished his homework.

He ________ ________ his homework ________.

2. She came here last week.

She ________ ________ here last week.

3. Lily seems to be ill.

Lily ________ ________ to be ill.

4. There will be a lot of tourists to our city in the future.

________ ________ be a lot of tourists to our city in the future.

5. My mother is washing the dishes in the kitchen.

My mother ________ ________ the dishes in the kitchen.6. You must clean your room now.

You ________ ________ ________ clean your room now.

【指點迷津】

肯定句變為否定句時要注意以下幾點：

◆含有be動詞、助動詞、情態動詞的肯定句變為否定句時，直接在上述動詞后加not。當must作“必須”講時，其否定形式應為don’t have to或needn’t。

◆含有行為動詞的肯定句變為否定句時，要根據相應的人稱和時態，借助助動詞do/does/did+not進行改寫。

二、疑問句

疑問句可分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句和反意疑問句。

【練習導航】

1. 按要求完成下列句子，每空一詞。

(1) He has been to the Great Wall three times. （改為一般疑問句并做否定回答）

________ he ________ to the Great Wall three times? ________, he ________.

(2) I can answer this question easily. （改為一般疑問句并做肯定回答）

________ you ________ this question easily? ________, I ________.

(3) Tom often helps us. （對畫線部分提問）

________ often ________ you?

(4) They often play basketball after school. （對畫線部分提問）

________ ________ they often ________ after school?

(5) He has fifty books in his study. （對畫線部分提問）

________ ________ books ________ he ________ in his study?

(6) Are you good at Chinese? （用English改為選擇疑問句）

Are you good at Chinese ________ ________?

2. 完成下列反意疑問句，每空一詞。

(1) He had milk and eggs for breakfast, ________ ________?

(2) Those are beautiful flowers, ________ ________?

(3) Mary can’t do it alone, ________ ________?

(4) Everybody can do it, ________ ________?

(5) There is a big tree in front of your classroom, ________ ________?(6) Something is wrong with your car, ________ ________?

(7) He is never late for school, ________ ________?

(8) Let’s have a rest, ________ ________?

(9) Don’t speak loudly in the library, ________ ________?

(10) I think millions of people know about Susan Boyle now, ________ ________?

【指點迷津】

◆一般疑問句

一般疑問句通常用yes或no來回答。陳述句變為一般疑問句時，如果謂語動詞中含有be動詞、助動詞或情態動詞，則直接把它們提到句首；如果謂語動詞是行為動詞，則根據人稱和時態，在句首加Do、Does或Did，并將行為動詞變為原形。

◆特殊疑問句

特殊疑問句是就句中某一部分進行提問的句子。疑問詞包括what、who、whom、whose、which、when、where、why、how等。如果疑問詞在句中做主語或主語的定語，疑問句的語序與陳述句語序相同，如：Who is playing the piano?（作主語）/Whose pen is missing（作主語的定語）；如果疑問詞在句中做其他成分，則用“疑問詞+一般疑問句”結構。

◆選擇疑問句

選擇疑問句一般提出兩種或兩種以上的可能，問哪種情況屬實。其結構可用一般疑問句或特殊疑問句，供選擇的最后一個部分用or與前面的部分相連接。回答時不用yes或no，而是根據具體情況直接作答。

◆反意疑問句

反意疑問句由一個陳述句和一個附加問句組成。以下幾點需特別注意：

(1) 如果陳述句的主語是表示事物的不定代詞，附加問句的主語用it；如果是表示人的不定代詞，附加問句的主語用he或they。

(2) 如果陳述句中有hardly、nothing、never、little、few、nobody、neither等表示否定意義的詞，附加問句要用肯定形式。

(3) 祈使句的附加問句一般是在句尾加will (won’t) you，但以let’s開頭的祈使句，其附加問句要用shall we。

(4) 如果陳述句是“I (don’t) think/believe/suppose/imagine +（that）引導的賓語從句”，附加問句的主語應與賓語從句的主語保持一致。

三、祈使句

祈使句是表示命令或請求的句子。它的主語是you（聽話人），通常不說出。

【練習導航】

1. 根據漢語意思完成下列句子，每空一詞。

(1) 我來幫你吧。

________ ________ help you.

(2) 我們休息一下吧。

________ ________ a rest.

(3) 讓她走吧。

________ ________ go.

(4) 要永遠記住那個可怕的日子。

________ ________ that terrible day.

(5) 務必告訴他這個消息。

________ ________ him the news!

2. 單項選擇。

( ) (1) ________ this kind of peach, and you will like it.

A. To try B. Trying C. Try D. Tried

( ) (2) ________ the radio, please. The baby is sleeping now.

A. Not turn on B. Don’t turn on C. Not turn down D. Don’t turn down

( ) (3) —________ late for school again, Jim!

—Sorry, I promise that I ________.

A. Don’t; won’t B. Don’t be; won’t C. Don’t be; don’t D. Don’t; will

( ) (4) Boys and girls, ________ up your hands if you want to go for a picnic this weekend.

A. putting B. to put C. put D. puts

( ) (5) —Please bring your homework to school tomorrow, Jack.

—OK, I ________.

A. will B. won’t C. do D. don’t

【指點迷津】

◆肯定結構的祈使句常以謂語動詞的原形開頭。

◆否定結構的祈使句常在謂語動詞的原形前加上Don’t。

◆以let引導的祈使句，有以下幾種情況：

(1)“Let me+動詞原形”，意為“讓我……”。

(2)“Let’s+動詞原形”，意為“讓我們……”，表示建議或請求。

(3)“Let+第三人稱作賓語+動詞原形”，意為“讓……”，表示愿望、命令或允許。

◆在開頭的動詞原形前加Do（務必）或Always（永遠），表示強調。

四、感嘆句

感嘆句是用來表示喜怒哀樂等強烈感情的句子，通常由how或what來引導。

【練習導航】

1. 按要求完成下列句子，每空一詞。

(1) These flowers are very beautiful. （改為感嘆句）________ ________ these flowers are!

(2) It’s a funny story. （改為感嘆句）________ ________ ________ story it is!

(3) They are running fast. （改為感嘆句）________ ________ they are running!

(4) I have read a very interesting book. （改為感嘆句）________ ________ ________ book I have read!

(5) What a good girl she is! （改為同義句）________ ________ the girl is!

(6) How delicious the food is! （改為同義句）________ ________ food it is!

2. 單項選擇。

( ) (1) What a friendly person ________! We all like talking with him.

A. is it B. is he C. it is D. he is

( ) (2) ________ swimming in this river!

A. How great fun B. What great fun C. How a great fun D. What a great fun

( ) (3) ________ sad news it is! We must try our best to help them out of trouble.

A. What B. What a C. How D. How a

( ) (4) ________ lovely day! Let’s go for a walk.

A. What a B. What C. How a D. How

( ) (5) ________ man he is!

A. What strange a B. How a strange C. What a strange D. What strange

( ) (6) ________ the soup tastes!

A. How good B. How well C. What good D. What well

( ) (7) ________ interesting it is to swim in the sea!

A. How B. What a C. What D. How a

( ) (8) ________ great time we had last week!

A. How B. How a C. What D. What a

【指點迷津】

◆what通常修飾名詞，引導的感嘆句結構為：

1. What+a(n)+形容詞+可數名詞的單數形式（+主語+謂語+其他）!

2. What+形容詞+可數名詞的復數形式（+主語+謂語+其他）!

3. What+形容詞+不可數名詞（+主語+謂語+其他）!

◆how通常修飾形容詞或副詞，引導的感嘆句結構為：

How+形容詞或副詞（+主語+謂語+其他）!