英語語態用來表示主語和謂語之間的關系,分為主動語態和被動語態兩種。對動詞語態的考查是高考一項重要考查內容。為便于學生掌握這一語言現象,本文將做如下歸納分析。
被動語態是由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成,助動詞be有人稱、數和時態的變化;含有情態動詞的被動結構是由“情態動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。
考點一 當我們不知道動作的執行者是誰或沒有必要指出動作的執行者是誰或強調動作的承受者時,就采用被動語態
(2007年上海卷)With the help of high technology,more and more new substances ______ in the past years.
A.discovered B.have discovered
C.had been discovered D.have been discovered
解析 由時間狀語in the past years可知,句中應用現在完成時;而discover與substances之間構成動賓關系,所以用現在完成時的被動語態,故答案選D。
考點二 含有復合賓語的被動語態
有些動詞如consider,find,feel,make,think,keep,name,call后跟復合賓語(即:賓語+賓語補足語),含復合賓語的主動結構變為被動結構時,只需將主動結構中的賓語變為被動結構中的主語,賓語補足語保留不變,這時它就成了主語補足語。可以充當賓語補足語的有名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞等。
1.行為動詞
(2004年上海卷)The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______ to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A.persuade B.will persuade C.be persuaded D.are persuaded
解析 由主句使用將來時可知從句應該使用一般現在時,根據句意可知people與persuade之間是動賓關系,故答案選D。
2.感官動詞和使役性動詞后接不定式作賓語補足語
在主動句中,感官動詞see,watch,hear,listen to等和使役動詞make,have后接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語;但改為被動語態后,要加上不定式符號to。
(1995年全國卷)Paul doesn’t have to be made ______.He always works hard.
A.learn B.to learn C.learned C.learning
由于此句make用在被動語態中,故選B。但動詞let在被動結構中仍不帶to。
考點三 含有雙賓語的被動語態
有些動詞如give,tell,buy作謂語后可帶雙賓語。含有雙賓語的主動結構變為被動結構時,可以將其中一個賓語變為主語,另一個保留不動。一般是將主動結構的間接賓語變為被動結構的主語;當直接賓語變為被動結構的主語時,間接賓語前應加介詞to或for。
(1995年全國卷)—______ the sports meeting might be put off.
—Yes,it all depends on the weather.
A.I’ve been toldB.I’ve toldC.I’m toldD.I told ?搖Key:A
This book is given to you.
考點四 含有情態動詞或be going to的被動語態
這一結構是由“情態動詞或(be going to/be about to/used to/be to/have to等)+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成的。
I am going to be given a book.
Measures must be taken to prevent the river being polluted.
考點五 短語動詞的被動語態
有些短語動詞相當于及物動詞,可以有被動語態,但短語動詞是一個不可分隔的整體,變為被動語態時不可去掉構成短語動詞中的介詞或副詞。
(1995年上海卷)More attention should be paid ______ our education if possible.
A.to developingB.to developmentC.to developD.for developing Key:A
Has the doctor been sent for?
考點六 “get+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成的被動語態
這種結構一般指動作的結果而非動作的本身,常表示“狀態的改變”。
(2004年全國卷)Sarah,hurry up.I’m afraid you can’t have time to ______ before the party.
A.get changedB.get changeC.get changingD.get to changed Key:A
考點七 非謂語動詞中的被動語態
(2005年湖北卷)______ from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A.Being separatedB.Having separated
C.Having been separatedD.To be separated
解析 Australia與separate構成動賓關系,所以用被動語態,并且separate這一動作發生在謂語動作之前,故用現在分詞的完成時的被動語態,所以答案選C。
(2006年上海卷)Energy drinks are not allowed ______ in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand.
A.to makeB.to be madeC.to have been madeD.to be making Key:B
考點八 含有名詞性從句的被動語態
帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態時,通常用it來作為被動句的形式主語,賓語從句則變成了主語從句。這種結構也可以改為“主語+be+過去分詞+動詞不定式”形式。
(2007年重慶卷)Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)______ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
A.is said to be buying B.is said to have bought
C.had said to buyD.has said to have bought Key:B
(2007年江蘇卷)At the end of the meeting,it was announced that an agreement ______.
A.has been reachedB.had been reached
C.has reached D.had reachedkey:B
常見的含有名詞性從句的被動結構的句型有:
It is said that... 據說……
It is ordered that... 根據命令……
It is reported that... 據報道……
It is well known that... 眾所周知……
It is announced that... 據宣布……
It must be admitted that... 必須承認……
It is required that... 根據要求……
It must be pointed out that... 必須指出……
It is generally considered that... 大家認為……
考點九 被動語態結構的省略形式
在when,while,if,unless,though等引導的時間、條件或讓步狀語從句中,如果從句的主語和主句的主語一致,從句又含有be動詞時,常可以省略從句的主語和be動詞。
(2007年四川卷)The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ______ every day.
A.wateredB.wateringC.waterD.to water
解析 從句的主語和主句的主語一致,且和water之間是動賓關系,故可以省略從句的主語和be動詞,故答案選A。
1.表示狀態特征的系動詞look,feel,taste,sound,smell,seem,appear常接形容詞或名詞作表語。
(2006年全國卷)The water ______ cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.
A.was feltB.is feltC.feltD.feels
解析 由when引導的時間狀語從句,應保持主從句時態的一致性;feel是系動詞,只能用主動形式表示被動的含義。故答案選C。
2.表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞,如:read,write,sell,open,shut,begin,wash,wear,cut,lock,pack,act,draw,iron,dry,eat,heat,clean等,與副詞well,smoothly,easily等連用時,說明主語內在的“性能”、“特點”,常用主動代替被動。
(1999年上海卷)Books of this kind ______ well.
A.sell B.sells C.are sold D.is sold
解析 這種書很好賣,是說明主語內在的性能與特點,所以應用主動形式表示被動含義;而句子的主語是books,謂語動詞應用復數形式。故答案選A。
3.少數動詞用進行時的主動式表示被動含義,這時句子的主語必須是無生命的物體。這些動詞有build,print,cook,hang,fry,make等.
The books are printing.
4.need,want,require,stand,bear,deserve等詞后面常接主動的V-ing形式表示被動意義。
(2007年陜西卷)As a result of the serious flood,two-thirds of the buildings in the area ______.
A.need repairing B.needs to repair
C.needs repairingD.need to repair
解析 當句子的主語buildings是動作承受者時,need后接V-ing形式或者后接不定式的被動式,故答案選A。
5.動詞不定式在某些作表語的形容詞后,用主動形式表示被動含義。
當動詞不定式作表語形容詞easy,difficult,hard,comfortable等的狀語,又與句子的主語構成動賓關系時,動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。
This question is difficult to answer.
The room is comfortable to live in.
6.動詞不定式在某些作賓語補足語的形容詞后,用主動形式表示被動含義。
當動詞不定式在某些作賓語補足語的形容詞easy,difficult,hard等后,又與句子的賓語構成動賓關系時,動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。
We find the man hard to get along with.
I think English easy to learn.
7.不定式作名詞或代詞的后置定語,動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。
I’ll give the students some good books to read.
8.在be worth doing結構中,用V-ing分詞形式表示被動含義。
The song is well worth listening to a second time.
9.不能用被動語態的動詞及動詞短語。如:cost,fit,suit,benefit,lack,happen to do sth,last,spread,belong to,break out,run out,go out,shut off,take place,work out,lose heart,consist of.
(2001年安徽卷)With the rapid growth of the population,the city ______ in all directions in the past few years.
A.spreads B.has spread C.has been spread D.had spread
解析 spread用主動形式表示被動含義,又由時間狀語in the past few years可知,句中應用現在完成時,故答案選B。
10.不定式to let,to seek,to blame(應受責備),to decide on用主動形式表示被動含義。
(2006年安徽卷)Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy,saying that he was not the one ______.
A.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed
解析 be to blame表示按職責、義務要求要發生的動作,意為“應受譴責、應負責任”,故答案選C。