書面表達能力的培養不是一蹴而就的,它是一個循序漸進的過程。本文將為大家介紹一種提高書面表達的方法——階段訓練法。這一方法主要包括兩大方面:按部就班練句式和循序漸進練篇章。
按部就班練句式
英語書面表達,要求考生盡可能采用比較高級的表達方式以增加文章的表達效果,提高文章的表達檔次。要達到這樣的目的,加強句式訓練必不可少,但應遵循由易到難、由簡單到復雜的原則。
第一階段:多用簡單句
訓練初期,由于大家較為缺乏可用的句式,也沒有學會使用高級的表達方式,所以此時應盡可能多用簡單句來準確表達寫作要點。例如“你由正門進入公園,繼續往前走,一直到一條小河邊”可表達為:
You enter the park by the main gate. You walk straight on. You come to a stream.
分析:例句用了三個簡單句來表達。盡管看似單調重復,缺乏生氣,但通過這樣的基礎訓練,可以幫助大家積累詞匯和短語,掌握簡單的句式,準確表達句意。
第二階段:多用復合句
訓練了一段時間后,如果你對使用簡單句已經得心應手、游刃有余,那么應開始訓練使用復合句,以使文章句式豐富、文字簡練。第一階段的例子就可用復合句表達為:
You enter the park, and walk straight on till you come to a stream.
分析:經過改寫,文字更為簡練、語言更為流暢,表達檔次明顯得到了提高。
第三階段:巧用高級句
如果你對使用復合句已應對自如,應想方設法采用一些高級的表達方式來進一步提高文章的表達效果,提升文章的檔次,增加文章的可讀性。此時盡量使用一些使用頻率高、表達效果好的句式或結構,如“with + 名詞 + 分詞”的復合賓語結構、“such be + 名詞 + 同位語”總結句型、強調句型、感嘆句型、分詞作定語/賓語補足語/狀語、主從復合句、反意疑問句等。例如:
1. I'll go to a beach to see the seabirds flying in the dark-blue sky and drive a motorboat, sailing through the clear water towards the rising sun.
分析:現在分詞短語“flying in the dark-blue sky”作賓語補足語,現在分詞短語“sailing through the clear water towards the rising sun”作伴隨狀語,增加了表達效果。
2. At 8 o'clock in the morning we arrived at the 712 bus station, where we were warmly welcomed by the drivers and conductors.
分析:Where引導的非限定性定語從句提升了文章的表達檔次。
3. Before we knew it, with the sun setting in the west, we had to say goodbye to the workers.
分析:“With + 名詞 + 分詞”的復合賓語結構作狀語,生動形象地勾勒出夕陽西下的場景。
循序漸進練篇章
第一階段:要點全,語法對
經過上一階段的句式訓練,現在大家可以轉入篇章訓練了。不過,剛開始的時候不要過分苛求自己篇章結構出奇出新,而應著重做到要點齊全,語法正確。寫作時既要重視題干中給出的要點提示(往往前面有阿拉伯數字)、表格或圖畫內容的表達,還要重視從寫作要求中提煉寫作要點,做到不遺漏。此外,還應注意增強不同類型文章的格式要點的表達意識。盡量做到要點齊全,無遺漏。同時,表達時要使用正確的詞匯、短語和句式,使用正確的時態,注意主謂一致、名詞單復數等語法問題。
第二階段:表達清,邏輯順
經過一段時間的訓練,在基本能達到要點齊全、語法正確以后,可以進一步向表達清晰,邏輯通順的階段發展。
在這一階段,大家不能將所給要點一一翻譯成英語,而應將原文重新謀篇布局。以敘事性書面表達為例,大家應按事件的發生、發展、高潮、結局的順序有序進行,以增強文章的連貫性、邏輯性和可讀性。另外還應認真分析文章的敘述線索,恰當地使用表達各種邏輯關系的過渡性詞語。如表因果關系,可使用because、since、as、thanks to、as a result (of)等;表條件,可使用as long as、so long as、on condition that、if、unless等;表轉折關系,可使用though、as、even if/though、whether、whoever、whatever、when、ever、whenever等;表遞進關系,可使用what's more、besides、to make the matter worse、what's worse等。
第三階段:照應強,情感濃
經過一段時間的訓練,在表達清晰、邏輯通順等方面駕輕就熟之后,應盡可能使用開篇交代句和末尾總結句來增強文章整體性和前后呼應性。寫開篇交代句時,因全文尚未鋪開,詳細內容尚未介紹,可寫得籠統一些。但末尾總結句是在給出全文詳細內容后作出的總結,寫的時候就不能太過籠統了,而應具體一些。如介紹我們祖國的文章,開篇交代句可寫成:Our country is a large country. 末尾總結句可寫成:Such is our great motherland, a beautiful country with a long history. 末尾句顯得更具體、更準確。
同時還應想方設法使用一些能表達情感的詞匯來增強文章的情感性,以感染閱卷老師,博取其好感,獲得一定的印象分。常見的能表達一定情感的詞匯有:
副詞:only、just、even、still、yet、already、never、ever、besides、no doubt、however、of course;
連詞:but、thanks to、as a result、on the one hand...on the other hand、finally、at last、before、while;
動詞(短語):have to、be forced to、be made to、enjoy、rush、hesitate、fly、would/should like to、strand(忍受)、jump with joy;
插入語:I'm afraid、I'm sure、as we all know、what's more、what's worse、to make the matter worse、you're right等。
訓練演示
下面我們以2005年高考英語全國卷Ⅱ的書面表達題為例,看一下階段訓練法在實際學習中該如何使用。
假設你是李華,最近國內一家英文報紙正在討論北京動物園是否應遷出市區。以下是你所在班級討論的情況。請你給該報寫一封信,反映討論結果。

注意:1. 詞數100字左右,信的開頭已為你寫好。
2. 可根據內容要點適當增加細節,以使行文連貫。
3. 參考詞匯: 郊區——suburb
第一階段訓練后可寫成這樣 (略去信頭和信尾):
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion. It is about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates agree about moving it. They say large crowds of tourists visit the zoo every day. It causes traffic jams. Once we move it, animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. Other students are against the idea. They say that the Beijing Zoo was built in 1906. It has a history of 100 years. It is famous at home and abroad. So we should not move it. Moving it may cause the death of some animals. By moving it or not, the people of Beijing will have to make a big decision.
分析:這篇作文基本都用簡單句來表達,句式稍顯單調重復、枯燥乏味,但全文要點齊全、語法正確。
第二階段訓練后可寫成這樣 (略去信頭和信尾):
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates agree about moving it. They say large crowds of tourists visit the zoo every day and it causes traffic jams. If we move it, animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea. They say that the Beijing Zoo was built in 1906, and with a history of 100 years, it is famous at home and abroad. So we should not move it. What's more, moving it may cause the death of some animals. By moving itor not, the people of Beijing will have to make a big decision.
分析:這篇作文檔次明顯得到提升。文章采用較多的并列句,語言精練、層次清晰;and、however、if、what's more等過渡性詞匯的使用增強了文章的連貫性和邏輯性。
第三階段訓練后可寫成這樣(完整版):
Dear Editor,
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo every day. It causes traffic jams. They also say that once moved to the suburbs, it will have more space and better living conditions for the animals. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well-known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is. What's more, moving may cause the death of some animals. To move or not, this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
分析:這篇作文表達檔次又進一步得到提高。開篇交代句和末尾總結句前后照應,增強了文章的整體性。省略式狀語從句“once moved to the suburbs”、分詞短語“saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906...”以及定語從句“which has to be made by people in Beijing”等較復雜結構的合理運用提升了文章的檔次。“large crowds of”、“has to”等帶一定情感色彩詞匯的使用增強了文章的感染性。
通過以上的介紹,希望大家能運用階段訓練法,穩扎穩打、分階段步步提高自己的書面表達水平。
作者簡介:
馬偉超,中學一級教師,現任教于河北省辛集市職教中心,擔任英語教研組長、備課組長;參加教育工作二十多年,曾榮獲河北辛集市政府“先進教育工作者”稱號;曾在國家級、省級報刊上發表文章數十篇。