漢英“跑＋名／ｒｕｎ＋ｎ．”搭配的對比研究

鐘珊輝

提 要:本文基于一定數量的實際語料,從分析語義成分入手,對比分析漢英“跑+名/run+n.”搭配的異同。研究發現:無論是基本義還是隱喻義用法,“跑+名/run+n.”搭配差異都很明顯,異遠大于同。“跑+名”的語義組合是“受事/承受對象、結果、時間、方式和處所”;run+n.的語義組合沒有“方式”,只有run復合體才接處所名詞,其他跟漢語有相同的語義成分。在分析搭配差異原因的同時,本文還指出探討英漢詞匯搭配差異對英語教學有啟示作用。

關鍵詞:動名搭配;語義分析;跑;run

中圖分類號:H030文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1000-0100(2009)04-0059-3

AContrast Study on the Collocation of“Pao+Ming”vs.“Run+N.”

ZhongShan-hui

(Hunan College of Finance and Economics, Changsha410205, China)

Based on a certain amount of Chinese and English corpora and through the semantic analysis, this paper makes a comparative and contrastive study on collocation differences and similarities between “Pao+Ming”and“run+n.” and also reaches some ideas: whether on the primary or metaphorical meanings, the collocation differences between the above two are apparent and the differences are far greater than the similarities. The semantic collocation of “Pao+Ming”isObject, Result, Time, Manner and Location; “run+n.”has much the same semantic collocation as “Pao+Ming”exceptManner and Location,for noMannerexists in “run”andOnly verb complex of “run” can be followed by Location nouns. Also in this paper some reasons are listed for the collocation differences and attention is called to these differences between Chinese and English in English teaching.

Key words:verb-noun collocation;semantic analysis;Pao;run

1 “跑+名詞”與“run+n.” 搭配的異同

我們基于北京大學漢語語言研究中心現代漢語語料庫,檢索“跑”,共得46573條結果,其中我們手工分析了10000條,幾乎涵蓋了“跑”后的所有“動后語”。英語語料為英國BNC的文字材料,動詞 run 頻現近4萬詞次,(British National Corpus freq.=38882),其中及物動詞為12051(占31%);run是表示運動事件的動詞,詞根動詞run還常和其外圍成分如小品詞結合,再接賓語,這樣的動詞復合體(verb complex)共出現 9581次(占25%)。我們對兩個語料庫中“跑/run”的及物性意義作了詳細梳理,以便能對比出漢英語言中的動名搭配差異。現列述如下。

1.1 “跑/run”用作“急走”基本義與名詞/n.的搭配及對比

“跑”,趵也——《廣雅?釋言》,意思是:急走。例如“紅韁跑駿馬,金鏃掣秋鷹”——唐? 馬戴《邊將》,此“跑”有致使義,為“使駿馬跑”;run作及物動詞時,在Merrian-Websters Online Dictionary中的釋義為:to cause(an animal) to go rapidly. 故“跑/run”的基本義相同。

(1)“跑/run”+“受事/對象”類名詞。這些名詞主要指動物,如“紅韁跑駿馬”。現代漢語里,“跑”+受事/對象類名詞不多,意義也有所變化,如“跑馬”,指為參加賽馬而養育和訓練的馬,是名詞;run+受事/對象的搭配范圍很廣,動物名都可接,如run a horse, run a bull,run sheep(放牧馬/牛/羊);run a horse(騎著馬跑)或run a horse in a race(讓馬參加比賽)等。搭配意義隨語境而變化,但表現的都是“致使”本義,意為“使……跑”。

(2)“跑/run”+“承受者”類名詞。這些名詞包括與“跑/run”這一人類生存的基本活動相關的地點和場所。“跑”可用于“跑山路、跑這條道、跑地”等,意為“在山路上/這條道上/地上跑”;run可用于run the street(在街上玩耍),run the field(在田野上玩)等。同接承受類名詞,但互譯時表面形式并不對等:“跑山路” 譯為run on the mountain road; run the street譯為“在街上玩?；虔偼妗?run意義也變為“自由地/隨心所欲地跑”。

(3)“跑/run”+“結果”類名詞。這些名詞說明了“跑/run”后的結果?！芭堋笨捎糜凇芭芤惶?、跑二圈、跑9公里、跑第一、跑幾步”等;英文里也有對應的搭配,如run two circles, run 9 kilometers, run first, run a few steps, 但“跑一趟”英語為run across to...(去……跑一趟)。另外,漢語在表達“跑”的結果時有很豐富的表達,如“跑得他上氣不接下氣,跑得他滿頭是汗,跑得累死了,跑斷了腳,跑酸了腰,跑丟了鞋”等。漢語“跑”用特征賓語,即動詞和其后的名詞來說明主語的特征;run后卻一定要有賓語,如run oneself out of breath, run himself full of sweat,run himself to death,run oneself off his legs,表現的是“致使”本義,意為“使跑/奔”。有的只能尋求意義表達對等,如have a backache due to running,my shoes are off my feet due to running.

(4)“跑/run”+“時間”類名詞。這些名詞體現了實現“跑”的動作或狀態所用的時間或“跑”發生的具體時間點,如“跑一天,跑二個小時,跑三點半”等;動作或狀態的完成,要加輔助詞“了”,如“跑了一個月”;run也可用于run a day, run two hours, run at half past 3, 但表示動作或狀態的完成時,run在時體上要有所體現,如I have run for a month.