閱讀理解中的長句是制約考生對所給材料進行準確理解的主要障礙之一,語篇中的長句往往有與之相對應的設題,結合近年高考試題不難發現,以下四個因素主要導致了閱讀理解中長句的出現:非謂語動詞短語、復合句、同位語以及多種結構交錯使用。只要能有效駕馭長句的句子結構,對其化繁為簡,進行各個擊破,就可以輕松領會長句所傳遞的信息。下面以2009年部分典型的高考試題為例說明對上述因素的處理策略。
一、非謂語動詞短語
主要表現為非謂語動詞短語在句中充當不同的句子成分致使長句出現,如定語、表語、狀語、補語、主語及賓語等,當句中出現多個動詞或動詞短語時,與句子主語對應的謂語動詞往往靠后。例:
1. “Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing,” says Peter Schantz. (2009全國卷I C篇)
分析 該句的主要句子結構為:“Laws need changing,”says Peter Schantz. (Peter Schantz說,“法律需要修改。”)直接引語中句子主語laws被后置現在分詞短語allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control修飾。
譯文 Peter Schantz說:“允許動物不加以更嚴格的控制就遷出深山的法律需要修改了。”
2. To understand how these products can be legally promoted to the public, it is necessary to understand something of the laws covering their regulation. (2009山東卷B篇)
分析 句中it作形式主語,后置的不定式短語作真正主語,covering their regulation作定語修飾the laws, 句首的不定式短語表示條件。
譯文 如果想弄明白這些商品是被怎樣合法地推銷給公眾的,那么了解一些涉及它們管理的法規就顯得有必要了。
二、復合句
當一個句子含有兩套或兩套以上的主謂結構時,就牽涉到復合句的使用,復合句通常以“三大從句”的形式加以表現,即:定語從句、狀語從句及名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)。復合句是閱讀理解中導致長難句出現的重要因素,對此要能抓住相應句子的關鍵部分,采用“逐層理解”的辦法,這樣就能弄清楚句子的意思。例:
1. The chief editor of the Times said recently,“At places where they gather, editors ask one another,‘How are you?’,as if they have just come out of the hospital or a lost law case.”(2009全國卷II D篇)
分析 直接引語中含一個由as if引導的方式狀語從句,地點狀語at places后接where引起的定語從句。
譯文 《紐約時報》的主編最近說:“編輯們會面時他們習慣相互問候,好像是剛出院或剛打輸了一場官司。”
2. Perhaps they(places) were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. (2009天津卷A篇)
分析 整個句子是一個由連詞or連接的并列句,后一分句為表語從句,即:the people were originally from the places. 表語從句的主語the people后接who引導的定語從句,介詞賓語the places后接關系代詞that引導的定語從句。
譯文 兩個地方被命以相同的名字,這樣做的目的或許是要推動兩地之間的友誼,也可能是過去居住在那里的人用他們最初居住地的地名來命名后來的地方。
三、同位語
同位語通常由名詞短語或同位語從句充當,其作用是對前面的名詞進行補充說明,使其內容具體化,尤其要理解好含雙重同位語的長句。例:
1. It was the Hatches’ wish that their legacy(遺產)—a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents—should enrich the whole community(社區) and last for generations to come. (2009山東卷A篇)
分析 句子的主要成分為:It was the Hatches’wish. 名詞wish后是that引出的同位語從句(that their legacy should enrich the whole community and last for generations to come.),而a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents 又充當了同位語從句中主語their legacy的同位語。
譯文 Hatch夫婦的愿望是,他們的遺產,哪怕只是分文,都將作為一種善舉讓整個社區以及他們身后的一代代人受益。
2. There is no convincing evidence that social conditioning, the fact that girls’ mothers talked to them more, is the reason why girls talk more than boys. (2009江蘇卷A篇)
分析 抽象名詞evidence后是that引起的同位語從句,同位語從句的主要成分為:Social conditioning is the reason. 同位語從句的主語social conditioning后又接了一個同位語the fact that girls’mothers talked to them more,表語the reason后接了一個由關系副詞why引導的定語從句。
譯文 還不存在具有說服力的證據表明社會熏陶,即母親與女孩的對話多于男孩,是女孩子比男孩子話多的原因。
四、多種結構交錯使用
這類長句在表現形式上較為復雜,句中通常表現為非謂語動詞短語、同位語、復合句、形容詞短語及介詞短語等之間的混合運用,這必然增加了對句子理解的難度,只有對涉及的各種語法現象和句子結構加以綜合分析,理清句子層次和邏輯關系,才能正確理解句子意思。例:
1. When monkey-pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings. (2009全國卷I C篇)
分析 這是一個結構較為復雜的句子,主體為一個狀語從句,即: When monkey-pox suddenly turns up in the American Midwest,it’s hard not to wonder if the disease is homing in on human beings. 在when引出的時間狀語從句中,a disease作主語monkey-pox的同位語,同時過去分詞短語found in the African rain forest作后置定語,修飾a disease;主句部分it作形式主語,真正的主語為后置的不定式短語,其中wonder后為if引出的賓語從句,賓語從句的主語the disease被定語that comes from foreign animals修飾。
譯文 當這種通常在非洲雨林地帶發現的疾病猴痘突然在美國中西部孩子身上出現的時候,人們很容易就會懷疑這種源于國外寵物的病癥是否會在不久的將來轉移到人群中。
2. What better place to rest than a country where the only place people hurry is on the football field and things are done in “Fiji time”? (2009全國卷II E篇)
分析 句子的主要結構為:What better place to rest than a country? “a country”后為關系副詞where引導的兩個并列定語從句,可將原句分解為:a country where the only place people hurry is on the football field(該定語從句的主語the only place后又接了另一個定語從句people hurry) and a country where things are done in“Fiji time”。
譯文 對于休閑度假,難道還有比這個國家(斐濟)更好的地方嗎?在這里,足球場上是唯一可以讓你感受到忙碌的地方了,一切都是按照斐濟人特有的悠閑自得的生活節奏進行著。
鞏固練習
請分析下列句子的主要結構并將其譯為中文。
1. An increase in students applying to study economics at university is being attributed to(歸因于) the global economic crisis awakening a public thirst for knowledge about how the financial system works. (2009山東卷D)
2. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus, which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. (2009江蘇卷D)
參考答案
1. 句子的主要成分為:An increase is being attributed to the global economic crisis. applying to study economics at university在句中作后置定語,修飾students,而介詞短語in students在句中則是作名詞increase的后置定語;awakening a public thirst for knowledge在句中充當the global economic crisis(句子賓語)的后置定語。
譯文 全球經濟危機喚醒了公眾對金融系統運行方面的知識渴望,這正是越來越多的大學生申請學習經濟學的原因。
2. 過去分詞短語mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus在句中作賓語small particles of rock的后置定語,而humus后則跟了一個which引導的非限制性定語從句。
譯文 土壤表層由許多細小的石子微粒構成,這些石子微粒混有一種動植物腐爛后形成的肥料,叫做腐殖質,呈黑色,表層土壤也因此變黑。
編輯/梁宇清