2008年高考英語全國卷II、陜西卷出現了考查省略不定式符號to的試題:
1. The director had her assistant ___________some hot dogs for the meeting. (全國卷II·12題)
A. picked up B. picks up
C. pick up D. picking up
2. It’s going to rain. Xiao Feng, will you please help me ___________the clothes on the line?(陜西卷·20題)
A. get off B. get back
C. get in D. get on
正確答案:1. C。have后接不定式作賓補時,要省去to。2. C。help后接不定式作賓補時可省去to,也可不省。
不定式符號to的省略與保留是英語中常見的語法現象,是復習備考的重點。筆者認為下面幾點尤為常見,學生應該熟練掌握:
(1)在一般的助動詞或情態動詞(如do,will,shall,would,should,can, may,must等)后面to應省略。
“Must we hand in our work this morning?”
“Yes, you must.”
“今天上午我們得交作業嗎?”
“是的,必須交。”
但在ought,used,have和be后不能省略:
You ought to help each other in your work.
你們在工作中應該彼此幫助。
It used to be quite a small village.
這地方過去是個很小的村莊。
I’m to have tea with Betty this afternoon.
我打算今天下午和貝蒂喝茶。
(2)主動語態中,動詞make,let,have,hear,observe,see,watch,notice, feel,listen to,look at,(help)等,后接不定式作賓語補足語時,to應省略。
They did not obeserve Tom come in and go upstairs.
他們沒有注意到湯姆進來上樓了。
It is quite amusing to look at other people play chess.
看別人下棋很有意思。
feel,observe,see后面的不定式賓補中,如果to后面是be,那么to應保留:
They all felt the plan to be unwise.
他們都覺得這個計劃欠考慮。
Now I saw him to be the boy I had seen the day before.
這時我發現他就是我前一天見到的那個男孩。
但是,如果這種句子變為被動結構,to就一定要保留:
Tom was not observed to come in and go upstairs.
She was heard to open the door.
(3)Why或Why not后面跟的不定式應省略to,構成的問句表責備或建議的語氣。
Why risk breaking the law?
為什么要冒險觸犯法律?(責備)
Why not wait for a couple of days?
干嗎不等一兩天?(建議)
(4)在had better(最好),would rather(寧愿),would rather...than(寧愿……而不愿),rather than(而不是,與其……寧愿),cannot but(不能不,只能)等結構后,to應省略:
The soldiers would rather die than give in.
士兵們寧愿死,也不愿投降。
Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad,he sold themat half price.
他寧愿半價賣掉蔬菜,也不愿讓它們爛掉。
I cannot but agree to his terms.
我只好同意他的條件。
(5)but、except用作介詞,表示“除去”、“除開”時,如果它們前面有動詞do,其后的不定式符號to多省略;如果它們前面是其他動詞,to則要保留:
Martin had done nothing but rest.
除了休息外,馬丁什么也沒干。
There seemed nothing else to do but send for the doctor.
似乎沒有別的辦法,只好派人去請醫生了。
They did nothing (else) except work.
除了工作,他們什么也沒干。
She can do everything except cook.
除烹飪外,她什么都能干。
He wanted nothing but to stay there.
他什么也不要,只是待在那里。
We have no choice but to take an immediate action.
我們別無選擇,只好立即行動。
It had no effect except to make him angry.
除了使他生氣外,沒有什么效果。
(6)有時為了避免重復前面的動詞,可以把動詞省略,但to要保留。
—Did you get a ticket?
—No,I tried to,but there weren’t any left.
——你買到票了嗎?
——沒有,我去買了,但票賣完了。
—Would you like to give me a hand?
—I’m happy to.
——幫我一個忙好嗎?
——可以,我很樂意。
The boy wanted to play football in the street,but his mother told him not to.
這男孩想在街上踢足球,但他母親叫他不要。
(7)當兩個(或更多)作用相同的不定式并列使用時,常常只在第一個不定式前保留to,后面不定式前的to常省略。
Mother told Tom to stay there and wait till she came back.
母親讓湯姆待在那里等她回來。
They are taught to read, write and do many other things at school.
在學校,老師教他們讀書、寫字以及其他很多事情。
但是,如果并列使用的不定式有對比關系,那么,每個不定式前面的to都得保留:
He hasn’t decided whether to go home or to stay at schoolduring the vacation.
他沒有決定假期是回家還是留在學校里。
He is very hard to approach,to understand, to get along with.
他很難接近,很難理解,很難相處。
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技術的目的是為了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更困難。
(8)名詞性從句用作主語或句子的主語all、the only thing后面跟定語從句時,其表語如果是不定式,在口語中常省去to。
What he wants to do is help you.
他想做的是幫助你。
All I did was turn off the gas.
我所做的一切是關掉煤氣。
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
我現在能做的唯一的事情是獨自進行下去。
編輯/梁宇清