摘 要:創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境是創(chuàng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域研究的關(guān)鍵問題之一,本文把創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境看作是一個系統(tǒng),在系統(tǒng)中不同的環(huán)境要素對創(chuàng)業(yè)的影響也是不同的。對于創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)來說,要提高其系統(tǒng)功能,優(yōu)化其結(jié)構(gòu),必須根據(jù)系統(tǒng)主要影響因素的特性進行系統(tǒng)設(shè)計。本文通過對創(chuàng)業(yè)者進行調(diào)查,分別對機會型創(chuàng)業(yè)和生存型創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境要素的重要程度進行了單項排序,并進行了對比分析,最后,結(jié)合中國情境嘗試運用TN法構(gòu)建了生存型的創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境要素體系。
關(guān)鍵詞:生存型創(chuàng)業(yè);機會型創(chuàng)業(yè);創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境;TN法
中圖分類號:C939 文獻標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1003-5192(2010)05-0031-06
Construction of the Environmental Factor System of Survival
Entrepreneurship: Based on Chinese Circumstances
YAO Mei-fang, ZHANG Lan, GE Jing, HUANG Jin-rui
(School of Management, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China)
Abstract:Entrepreneurial environment is one of the key questions in entrepreneurship research field. This article studied the entrepreneurial environment as a system, in which different environmental factors have different effect on entrepreneurship. As for the entrepreneurial environment system, to improve its system function and optimize its structure, we should design it systematically according to the characteristic the main influencing factors. By inquiring entrepreneurs, this article has ranked the entrepreneurial environment factors of opportunity entrepreneurship and survival entrepreneurship separately by their importance, and contrasted them. In the end, this article has constructed the environmental factor system of survival entrepreneurship according to Chinese circumstances by applying TN method.
Key words:survival entrepreneurship; opportunity entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial environment; TN method
1 引言
Peters和Waterman[1]的研究表明創(chuàng)業(yè)者在創(chuàng)業(yè)時更多關(guān)注的是他們所處的環(huán)境。支撐性區(qū)域創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境的存在能夠使更多的創(chuàng)業(yè)者產(chǎn)生[2]。有關(guān)創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境的研究也逐漸在創(chuàng)業(yè)研究領(lǐng)域中顯現(xiàn)出來[3],目前已經(jīng)成為創(chuàng)業(yè)研究的一個重要方向。國外學(xué)者對創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境構(gòu)成要素的研究已經(jīng)取得了一定的成果,如:Bruno和Tyebjee[4]提出了12個創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境構(gòu)成要素。Porter[5]從特定行業(yè)的角度提出了創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境的5個構(gòu)成要素,包括進入壁壘、現(xiàn)有競爭者的競爭狀態(tài)、替代產(chǎn)品的威脅、購買者的還價能力和供應(yīng)商的還價能力。Gartner[6]歸納總結(jié)了Bruno、Tyebjee和Porter等學(xué)者的觀點,提出了創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境的22個構(gòu)成要素。詳見表1所示。
同時,還有學(xué)者對創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境構(gòu)成要素作了更加系統(tǒng)的歸納,其中Gnyawali 和 Fogel[7]認為創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境包括創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)環(huán)境、政策環(huán)境、融資環(huán)境和文化環(huán)境等。Grundstén[8]把創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境構(gòu)成要素分為感……