摘 要:為了揭示人口年齡結構變動與基本養老保險基金缺口的相關關系,本文首先運用微分方程理論描述了人口年齡結構對基本養老保險基金缺口影響的作用機理;然后在離散狀態下,構建了人口年齡結構預測模型和基本養老保險基金缺口預測模型,并結合陜西省生育政策及相關數據資料,在低出生率方案和高出生率方案下,對2007~2050年陜西省基本養老保險基金收支及缺口進行了數值模擬與比較研究。研究發現,高出生率方案下測算的基本養老保險基金缺口小于低出生率方案的測算結果,兩者累計相差375.5366億元。
關鍵詞:人口年齡結構;基本養老保險;基金缺口
中圖分類號:F840.67 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1003-5192(2010)02-0037-05
Quantitative Analysis on Change of Age Structure to the Fund Gap
on China Basic Pension Insurance: A Case of Shaanxi Province
ZHANG Si-feng1, WANG Li-jian2, ZHANG Wen-xue1
(1.School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; 2.Scool of Humanities Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)
Abstract:In order to demonstrate the associative relationship between change of age structure and the fund gap on china’s basic pension insurance, this article has first used the differential equation to describe the mechanism of action between change of age structure and the fund gap; and then constructed the forecast model of population age structure and the fund gap on basic pension insurance under discrete state. Based on which and the author combining with birth policies and correlation data in Shaanxi province to do some numerical simulation and comparison to basic pension insurance fund revenue, expenditure and the gap of Shanxi province from 2007 to 2050 according to the high birth rate plan and the low birth rate plan. The conclusion showed that the basic pension insurance fund gap according to the high birth rate plan is less than the calculated result according to low birth rate plan, both of them has differed in accumulation with 37,553,660,000 Yuan.
Key words:age structure; basic pension insurance; fund gap
1 引言
1997年,國務院頒布的《關于建立統一的企業職工基本養老保險制度的決定》[1]標志著我國基本養老保險“統賬結合”模式的形成。在這一模式下,1998~2007年全國基本養老保險基金累計結存7391億元;但是,在這10年間,平均每月支付養老金268.68億元,而基本養老保險基金平均每年的結存額只有739.1億元,僅能夠支付2.75個月的養老金,低于國際上公認的儲備水平[2]。據預測,至2075年,我國基本養老保險基金缺口將累計達到9.15萬億元[3],嚴重威脅著社會的和諧運行。
近年來,部分學者利用精算學原理對養老保險基金缺口進行了定量研究,構建了基本養老保險基金缺口精算模型[4],研究發現,基本養老保險基金缺口的影響因素主要有養老保險覆蓋率、工資增長率、退休年齡、人口老齡化、企業欠繳、征繳基數、轉制成本、替代率等[5~8];但是,這些研究大都忽略了影響基本養老保險基金收支的最基本因素——人口年齡結構?!?br>