非謂語動詞易錯題解析

2010-01-01 00:00:00孫孟紅

中學生百科·大語文 2010年6期

非謂語動詞可大致分為3類:不定式、動名詞和分詞，分詞又包括現在分詞和過去分詞。下面就學生在各種非謂語動詞中的易犯錯誤做簡要分析:

I. 不定式

(1)不注意時態

例:Five people were reported ______ in the accident.

A. to be killedB. to kill

C. killedD. to have been killed

要注意到不定式按動詞發生時間不同而主要分成三種:一般式 to do 通常表達尚未發生的動作;進行式to be doing 通常表達正在發生的動作;完成式to have done通常表達已發生的動作。所以這道題動詞發生時間從語境分析是屬于已發生的，要用不定式的完成式，所以正確答案是D。

練習1 The party was very successful， but it’s a pity ______ you.

A. not to inviteB. not to have invited

C. not inviteD. to not have invited

(2)不注意語態

例: Will you lend him a magazine ______?

A. to be readB. for reading

C. to readD. he read

有些同學誤認為雜志是被讀的，所以選用不定式的被動形式A項，卻忽視了“讀”的邏輯主語就是前面的“他”，正如I have much homework to do 一樣，所以正確答案是C。

練習2 The light bulb is said ______ by Edison.

A. to inventB. to be invented

C. to have inventedD. to have been invented

(3)忽視某些固定用法

例: As a result of my laziness， I failed ______ the task on time.

A. and finishedB. to finish

C. and finishingD. to finished

有些動詞后只能加動詞不定式作賓語，如want， continue， promise， intend， decide， expect， determine， manage， refuse， offer， demand， fail， afford， prepare， hope， hesitate， seem， desire等。此題中考查的是fail to do，表示“沒能做某事”。

練習3 Remind me ______ the medicine tomorrow.

A. of takingB. taking

C. to takeD. take

II. 動名詞

(1) 不注意所有格的用法

例:______ made them much disappointed.

A. His not coming backB. Not his coming back

C. He not to come backD. Not he come back

當動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時，需用所有格的形式。此題中的動詞come因作主語，故用動名詞形式，又因coming有自己的邏輯主語he，故用所有格形式his。

練習4 ______ is bad for his health.

A. Mike smoking B. Mike’s smoking

C. Mike’s being smokingD. Mike smokes

(2)否定詞not放錯位置

例:They failed to pass the exam last time. I regretted ______.

A. to be not able to helpB. being unable to help

C. being not able to helpD. not be able to help

其實所有的非謂語動詞的否定形式都是直接在其前面加not，所以這道題乍看之下同學們會覺得B選項和C選項沒有區別，因為unable本身就等于not able。其實C項的錯誤就在于否定詞not放錯了位置，它本應該在動名詞being的前邊。所以正確答案是B項。

練習5 Tony was very unhappy for ______ to the party.

A. having not been invitedB. not having invited

C. having not invitedD. not having been invited

(3)忽視某些固定用法

例: It’s no good ______ here. Let’s go home.

A. to waitB. waited

C. waitingD. being waited

一些同學會憑經驗判斷這是it作形式主語，所以用不定式作真正主語，選A，但是it作形式主語時有兩個例外，就是It’s no good/use后只能接動名詞作主語。所以這道題應該選C。還有一些動詞后只能跟動名詞作賓語，如mind， avoid， finish， enjoy， suggest， imagine， delay， escape， allow， permit， forbid， admit， feel like等;而且還有一些動詞后面跟不定式或動名詞都可以，只是意義不一樣，如remember，forget，regret 后加動名詞，表示這個動作已做過，而加不定式則表示還沒做;stop doing 表示停止正在做的事，而stop to do 表示停下某事，去做另一件事;mean doing表“意味著”，而mean to do則表示“想要，打算”。

練習6 —Do you mind ______?

—Go ahead.

A. opening the doorB. your opening the door

C. my opening the doorD. I open the door

III. 分詞

(1)不區分現在分詞和過去分詞

例: There came a big sound ______ the sudden collision of the two cars.

A. followB. followed

C. followingD. to be follow

做這道題首先要判斷sound 和follow 之間是主動還是被動關系，因為現在分詞的特點是表主動和進行;而過去分詞的特點是表被動和完成，不難判斷出聲音隨碰撞而發出屬于主動，所以這道題選C。

練習7 The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.

A. carried outB. carrying out

C. carry outD. to carry out

(2)分不清分詞的時態

例: ______ since the night before， I felt very unhappy.

A. Having not eaten anything

B. Not eating anything

C. I hadn’t eaten anything

D. Not having eaten anything

現在分詞有一般式和完成式兩種，一般式即doing，在時間上表示動作和句子中謂語動詞同時發生;完成式即having done，在時間上先于謂語動詞發生。所以此題并不是選B項，而是選D項。A項錯在順序上，Not應在having前，而C項干擾性也很強，可它是一個完整的句子，在兩個完整的句子之間是需要連詞銜接的。

練習8 ______ his dinner， he went to watch TV.

A. Have takenB. Having taken

C. TakeD. To take

(3)不注意某些固定用法

例: ______ from his accent， he is from Sichuan.

A. JudgedB. Judging

C. Being judgedD. Judge

同學們容易選A項，因為后面的主語he是被判斷者，所以選judge的過去分詞。但Judging from 是獨立分詞，用以解釋整個句子。所以應選B項。類似的短語還有generally speaking， supposing 等。

練習9 Though ______ money， the parents still sent their daughter to university.

A. lack

B. lacking

C. lacked