城市建筑主義+建筑城市主義

文/劉廷杰

by Tingjie (Peter) Liu

城市及其建筑物傳記的內(nèi)容相當(dāng)明確，它自身豐富的樂趣和想象力正是來源于城市的建筑實(shí)體.并且最終由建筑物和情感組成的結(jié)構(gòu)中敘述著城市。（阿爾多.羅西, ?城市建筑學(xué)?P21，中國建筑工業(yè)出版社）

The biographical content of the city and its buildings is quiet obvious that its abundance of pleasure and imagination are from itself building entities, and ultimately narrates the city in a structure composed by buildings and emotions.（Aldo Rossi, The Architecture of the City, P21,China Architecture & Building Press）

物質(zhì)的城市city，承載了人群的生活方式形成Urbanity。“城市”給人的第一感覺是物質(zhì)的建筑空間；其次是空間背后的生活方式。這是城市的遞進(jìn)二元性，是不可切割的綁定和必然相關(guān)性。討論城市就必然討論建筑和生活方式主義。

物質(zhì)城市所展現(xiàn)的city form自然反映了與生活方式關(guān)聯(lián)的歷史、世俗、資本、交通、人工建筑等可以歸咎為形而上的東西。而可見物質(zhì)最基本的單位就是建筑物。城市的功能性、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、有機(jī)和嚴(yán)密，與建筑物的功能性、完成性、可建造性、美學(xué)偶然性、似乎可以對應(yīng)。在物質(zhì)城市的建造過程中，建筑物的不斷建造和聚集是得以使紙面規(guī)劃和城市按理想主義實(shí)施的唯一方式。Alex Kriger說“物質(zhì)城市總是成為一個(gè)改變的催化劑(Alex Kriger, The American City: Ideal and Mythic Aspects of A Reinvented Urbanism，Assemblage3， 1987)。”而建筑物顯然是這催化劑中的催化劑。這種城市對建筑的依賴，被催化以及與建筑的類同性，或更簡單得稱著城市的建筑性，可以稱著城市建筑主義--以建筑的方式設(shè)計(jì)城市。

另一方面，承載著獨(dú)特生活方式的城市在現(xiàn)代的發(fā)展正將反映現(xiàn)代生活方式的模式演繹成一種風(fēng)尚，就是城市主義。城市主義以關(guān)懷人的生活方式為基礎(chǔ)，關(guān)注交通可抵達(dá)、城市空間平等享有的權(quán)力，社會關(guān)系之間的信任和尊重，城市可持續(xù)性發(fā)展和更新，尊重歷史和遺產(chǎn)等客觀和理想議題。處在這一城市發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的建筑必須做到左顧右盼，必須遵守城市發(fā)展法則。Ego Architecture與城市文脈分離，與城市主義背道而馳會受到批判。建筑必須更聰明地面對城市可持續(xù)性的發(fā)展和生活方式主義的人本需求。這就是建筑城市主義，或者說建筑必須與城市理想主義綁定、建筑必然承擔(dān)城市理想主義的壓力和血脈關(guān)聯(lián)。

古希臘雅典衛(wèi)城是典型建筑群的藝術(shù)組合。建筑組合雖自由，但比例高大，柱式更具崇高感，使建筑群態(tài)的祭奠感和儀式感達(dá)到極高的地位。中世紀(jì)的文藝復(fù)興城市和以后的巴洛克城市，通過城市輪廓的幾何構(gòu)成（園的、長方的或其它形式）也表現(xiàn)了強(qiáng)大的中心儀式感。建筑具有完成城市中心儀式感和紀(jì)念性的強(qiáng)大填充作用，當(dāng)時(shí)的建筑學(xué)也具有崇高地位。從古典城市到文藝復(fù)興城市，建筑學(xué)或城市建筑主義地位極端崇高，可以說城市就是建筑。在現(xiàn)代城市結(jié)構(gòu)性衰落地區(qū)的復(fù)興中，建筑也起了重要作用。這些復(fù)興工程通過挖掘建筑的歷史和觀景價(jià)值、結(jié)合新型產(chǎn)業(yè)的導(dǎo)入完成區(qū)域的城市復(fù)興，著名的有加拿大溫哥華的Granville Island改造和Yell Town改造、澳大利亞悉尼的Walsh bay改造等。無論傳統(tǒng)儀式城市和現(xiàn)代城市中心的復(fù)興計(jì)劃，建筑既是城市的工具又成為城市的主體或成為城市自己。正如Mario Gandelesonas 形容的 “Architecture inhabits the City”，建筑占據(jù)城市。（Mario Gandelsonas, X-Urbanism, Princeton Architectural Press,1999）

加拿大格蘭弗島 Granville_Island_Map

硅谷 Silicon Valley

新城市主義社區(qū)和街道Community and Street Planning of New Urbanism

工業(yè)化之后的西方城市，典型的如美國的網(wǎng)格城市、超高層城市、現(xiàn)代主義城市、郊區(qū)城市和邊緣城市等。工業(yè)化和高速公路的發(fā)展，極大改變了城市的交通方式，而人的生活方式得以根本改變。城市版圖和形式不再暗示中世紀(jì)的機(jī)理和中心主義，而是起始于工業(yè)文明的召喚和理想。柯布西耶的光輝城市理論和實(shí)踐以立體的交通網(wǎng)、大片綠地、開放空間，將城市不同功能自內(nèi)而外聯(lián)系起來。中心城區(qū)規(guī)劃低密度高層居住建筑群，郊區(qū)則按田園城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃。雖然這一烏托邦神話被西方社會批判為割裂了交流，但顯然柯布已嘗試用全新的規(guī)劃格局來適應(yīng)工業(yè)文明下均質(zhì)生活方式的需求，具有城市主義關(guān)懷。西方工業(yè)文明晚期的郊區(qū)城市、邊緣城市，是反中心城市擴(kuò)張的。開放綠帶和高速公路連接了郊區(qū)和中心城市的聯(lián)系；x-urban城市更具有較完整的城市二級功能。這些新型城市的產(chǎn)生應(yīng)對了人群生活方式的變化，具有可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的理念。這一城市格局下的建筑群必須順應(yīng)城市發(fā)展的要求，建筑從城市主體轉(zhuǎn)換為均質(zhì)配角。正如Mario Gandelesonas 形容的 “The City inhabits Architecture”，城市占據(jù)建筑。（Mario Gandelsonas,X-Urbanism, Princeton Architectural Press,1999）

雖然建筑主義在古典城市、文藝復(fù)興城市現(xiàn)代城市更新計(jì)劃中占據(jù)主體；城市主義在工業(yè)文明及以后的新型城市實(shí)踐中占據(jù)主體，然而顯然城市復(fù)雜性將建筑和城市這兩種主客體或客主體互為綁定。城市建筑主義和建筑城市主義是一個(gè)雙向法則，無論是城市隱藏在建筑之后或建筑隱藏在城市之后，目標(biāo)都是試圖通過秩序、美學(xué)、尊重和履行盡職來建立建筑和生活方式主義之間的連接和親密關(guān)系。

紐約 New York Model

阿道夫盧斯芝加哥論壇報(bào)競賽Adolf Loos Chicago Tribune Competition Entry, 1922

克萊斯勒Chrysler Building

Physical cities bear the citizens' daily life and form the theory of urbanity. The first impression that 'city' gives people is that the physical building spaces. In addition, it will be people's daily routines behind the buildings. These two facts reflect the urban duality, which is a solid binding and an inevitable relation. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss both architecture and lifestyle principle when we deal with cities.

The physical form of a city naturally reflects the relations with its history, customs,capital, transportation，artificial buildings etc, which could be summarized as a metaphysical concept. Among those characters, a building is a very basic visible unit. As a city's functionality, running efficiency, organic characteristics and rigor etc seem to be similarly with building's functionality, integrity, buildability and aesthetic contingency as so on. During the construction progress of a physical city,it is the only path that the city is continually raised and assembled by buildings to implement the master plan in-paper and urban idealism. Alex Kriger said, The city, of course, has been a great catalyst of change (Alex Kriger, the America City,Ideal and Mythic Aspects of A Reinvented Urbanism, Assemblage 3, 1987)'. And obviously, architecture is one of the most important catalytic. This dependency,catalytic and homogeneity of urbanity to buildings, that we can simply understand as architectural features, are named as “Architecturism of Urbanity --Designing a city by Architecture”.

The city bearing the unique lifestyle under the contemporary development is transforming the model of reflecting the modern life to fashion, which is defined as urbanism. Urbanism takes care of lifestyle, transportation accessibility, right of sharing urban spaces, trust and respecting each other among the social relations,sustainable urban renewal, heritage issues and ideology etc.. Architecture among in a city’s network has to look around and has to follow the guide of the city’s development. Ego architecture which separates from the city’s context and against urbanism will be disputed. Architecture has to confront the needs of urban sustainable development , has to bound with urban idealism and undertake the pressure of context. This is named as “Urbanism of Architecture--Designing architecture with Urbanity”.

The ancient Greek Acropolis is a typically artistic representation. The building group is organically combined while the proportion is huge. The Greek columns make the group memorial and ritual in particular.

The Renaissance cities in the late Middle Ages and Baroque Cities afterwards formed by a geometric layout (circular, rectangle or other forms) presented a strong sense of center ceremony. Architecture has a powerful filling effect with those central memory and ritual. Architecture or Architecturism occupied a high status.The conclusion might be made that Urbanity is Architecture.

At the urban revival areas where urban structure is declining in the modern cities,architecture is also playing a key role. By mining the architectural history and value,and combining with the updated industrials, architecture finishes the urban revival.There are many projects such as Granville Island in Vancouver, and Walsh Bay Revitalization in Sydney well-known. Whether the traditional ceremony cities or revitalization of modern cities, architecture is not only the main tool of the city but becomes the city itself. As Mario Gandelesonas described in “Architecture inhabits the City.”(Mario Gandelsonas, X-Urbanism, Princeton Architecture Press, 1999)

The Western cities after 2nd world war, typically such as American Grid City,Skyscraper City, Modern City, Suburban City and Edge City etc.. were fundamentally changed by highway network and industrialization. Therefore the transportation system and lifestyle were changed as well. The urban layout and form no longer indicates medieval mechanism and centralism, but roots in industrial civilization and idealism. Le Corbusier’s theory and practice of Radiant City built a homogeneous society with the 3Dimentional traffic network, large green spaces, high-rise residential quarters with low density. Although this utopian mythology was criticized by westerns as separating social communication, Le Corbusier has experimented with new planning pattern to adapt the demands of the homogeneous life under industrial civilization, which displayed urban care.

Suburban City emerged since 1950’s and Edge City emerged since 1970’s link the suburbs and city centers by green belts and highway networks. New urban patterns and sustainable principles impact those new cities. Architecture consequently has to meet the guidance of new urbanism by transferring a leading role to a supporting role. As Mario Gandelesonas described as “The City inhabits Architecture”.(Mario Gandelsonas X-Urbanism, Princeton Architecture Press, 1999).

Although the architecturism occupies the cities in the classical cities, renaissance cities and modern city revitalization as so on, and urbanism occupies the cities in post industrial cities, architecturaism and urbanism these two subject or object or reversed are bound each other in such complicated urban environments now. Urban architecturism and Architectural urbanism which means either city hidden in the architecture or architecture hidden in the city are eager to build intimate connections by order, aesthetics, respect and performance.

柯布西耶的光輝城市（巴黎） The Radiant City of Le Corbusier