摘 要:本文通過構建一個n期動態博弈模型分析了接入定價與電信競爭問題。當存在n期競爭時,如果接入價格大于接入成本,將會導致電信運營商網絡規模的大小與其在零售市場產品價格的高低成反比。同時,若某一運營商在競爭初期擁有比競爭對手更多的用戶基數,且在第一期新用戶加入該運營商網絡的比例大于其初始市場份額,則在網絡外部性的作用下,通過n期競爭后將產生馬太效應。研究結果得出:當存在n期電信競爭時,規制者應以低于接入成本的方法進行接入定價,這樣不僅有利于電信競爭效率的提高,而且還可以改善消費者福利;若電信運營商的通話流量平衡,為在實踐中更便于操作,可采取免接入費制度進行接入定價。
關鍵詞:網絡外部性;接入定價;電信競爭
中圖分類號:F062.9 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:10035192(2012)03007605
Network Externalities, Access Pricing and Telecommunication Competition
LI Meijuan1,2
(1.Applied Economics Postdoctoral Programs, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; 2.School of Economics and Management, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China)
Abstract:By building a nperiod dynamic game model, this paper analyzes the access pricing and telecommunication competition. if the access price is higher than the access cost in nperiod competition, which will lead to the result that the size of the network is inversely proportional to retail prices.Simultaneously, because of network externalities, if an operator has a larger installed base than the competitor in the initial stage, and in the first phase proportion of new users joining this operator is larger than its initial market share, by multiperiod network competition, it will lead to Matthew effect. Therefore, access prices should be lower than the access cost, which will not only help to improve the efficiency of telecommunications competition, but also can improve consumer welfare. When the call flows of operators are balance, the regulator may take the bill and keep to easily operate in practice.
Key words:network externalities; access pricing; telecommunication competition
1 引言
電信產業屬于典型的網絡型產業,其顯著特征是具有網絡外部性,以及在此基礎上形成的正反饋和鎖定效應。網絡外部性被定義為:當消費同樣產品的其他使用者的人數增加時,某一使用者消費該產品所獲得的效用增量[1]。在更廣泛的意義上,網絡外部性是指當采取同樣行動的代理人(Agents)的人數增加時該行動產生的凈價值增量[2]。例如,在選擇電話網絡的時候,新用戶更愿意選擇原有用戶多的網絡,因為網絡中用戶越多,潛在的通話對象就越多,該網絡對用戶的價值也就越高。網絡外部性主要通過網絡的用戶基礎(Installed Base)這一變量發生作用,網絡用戶規模越大,用戶能夠獲得的網絡效用就越高,從而網絡外部性就越強。消費者決定加入某一網絡,經常根據網絡用戶基礎的規模作出決策。