Zha盛中 王文平
摘 要:本文從博弈的視角研究國際鐵礦石長協(xié)價談判機制,建立國際鐵礦石長協(xié)價談判模型,解析可能達成的長協(xié)礦均衡價格和供需方的收益,從理論上揭示長協(xié)價談判機制的特點,并對理論分析結(jié)果進行了實際考察。研究表明,近年來國際鐵礦石價格連年上漲并導致供需方利益嚴重失衡,并不應歸咎于長協(xié)價談判機制本身,主要還是受供需方各自的市場地位、成本以及市場供求等因素的影響。
關(guān)鍵詞:鐵礦石;長期協(xié)議價格;博弈
中圖分類號:F740.41 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1003-5192(2012)01-0039-05
Study on Negotiation Mechanism of Long-term Contract Price for Iron Orein International Trade from a Game-theory Perspective
ZHA Sheng-zhong, WANG Wen-ping
(School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China)
Abstract:This paper studies the negotiation mechanism of long-term contract price for iron ore in international trade from a game-theory perspective. By constructing game models and analyzing the possible equilibrium price and payoff, the characteristics of the mechanism are revealed theoretically, and the positive analysis is also made. It shows that the going-up price of the iron ore in international trade and unbalanced benefits for two sides in the negotiationin recent years is not attributed to the mechanism itself, but the market status and cost of the two sides and other market factors.
Key words:iron ore; long-term contract price; game
1 引言
我國鐵礦石對外依存度已連續(xù)4年超過50%,近兩年更高達60%以上。鐵礦石是鋼鐵工業(yè)的主要原料,國際鐵礦石價格高低對我國鋼鐵行業(yè)利潤水平有著舉足輕重的影響。上世紀80年代以來,國際鐵礦石貿(mào)易主要采用長期協(xié)議價格(簡稱“長協(xié)價”),即由供需方談判決定年度基準價格。近年來,鐵礦石長協(xié)價連年大幅上漲,導致我國鋼鐵企業(yè)與國際鐵礦石主要供應商利益嚴重失衡[1],長協(xié)價的公平性因此倍受質(zhì)疑。盡管目前國際鐵礦石貿(mào)易已采用現(xiàn)貨交易和接近現(xiàn)貨交易的季度定價等方式,但如何建立一個能為供需方都接受的國際鐵礦石價格決定機制,仍然是擺在我國鋼鐵企業(yè)和國際鐵礦石主要供應商面前的一個難題,因為鐵礦石屬于大宗商品,供需方都希望保持供應數(shù)量和價格上的相對穩(wěn)定性,避免供求數(shù)量和價格劇烈波動給企業(yè)經(jīng)營和效益帶來的沖擊。……