語(yǔ)法精講（二）

動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)

一、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)所表示的意義：

過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨等情況。表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步等的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于相對(duì)應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致，過(guò)去分詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)一般是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

二、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的分類：

一般式（done）：表示分詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。

完成式（having been done）：強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。

Scolded by the teacher， the girl sat there without lifting her head.（一般式）

由于被老師批評(píng)了，那個(gè)女孩低著頭坐在那兒。

Having been thoroughly cleaned， the garden looked more beautiful than ever before.（完成式）

經(jīng)過(guò)徹底清掃之后，這座花園比以往任何時(shí)候都美。

三、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的用法：

(1) 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：

When heated， water can be changed into steam.

水加熱后可以變成蒸汽。

(2) 作原因狀語(yǔ)：

Given advice by the famous detective， the young lady was no longer afraid.

有了著名偵探的指點(diǎn)，這位年輕的姑娘不再害怕了。

Done in a hurry， his homework was full of mistakes.

他匆忙做的作業(yè)錯(cuò)誤百出。

(3) 作條件狀語(yǔ)：

Given more attention， the cabbages could have grown better.

如果再精心照料一些，這些大白菜還可以長(zhǎng)得更好。

Compared with you， we still have a long way to go.

和你相比，我們還有很大的差距。

(4) 作讓步狀語(yǔ)：

Beaten by the opposite team， the players were not discouraged.

雖然被對(duì)方打敗了，選手們并沒(méi)有灰心喪氣。

(5) 作方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)：

She sat by the window， lost in thought.

她坐在窗前，陷于沉思。（方式）

The hunter left his house， followed by his dog.

獵人離開(kāi)了屋子，后面跟著他的狗。（伴隨）

四、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句：

(1) 過(guò)去分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，可在分詞前用when，while等使其時(shí)間意義更明確。

Asked what had happened， he lowered his head.

= When he was asked what had happened， he lowered his head.

當(dāng)他被問(wèn)到發(fā)生了什么事時(shí)，他低下了頭。

(2) 過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于由as，since，because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，這類狀語(yǔ)多放在句子前半部分。

Frightened by the tiger， the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone.

= Because/As she was frightened by the tiger， the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone.

因?yàn)楹ε吕匣ⅲ@個(gè)女孩不敢單獨(dú)睡覺(jué)。

(3) 過(guò)去分詞作條件狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于由if，unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。有時(shí)為了使句子意思更為明確，可在分詞前保留if，unless。

Grown in rich soil， these seeds can grow fast.

= If these seeds are grown in rich soil， these seeds can grow fast.

如果種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長(zhǎng)得很快。

(4) 過(guò)去分詞作讓步狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于由though，although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

Left at home， John didn’t feel afraid at all.

= Although he was left at home， John didn’t feel afraid at all.

雖然約翰被單獨(dú)留在房間里，但是他一點(diǎn)都不害怕。

(5) 過(guò)去分詞作方式狀語(yǔ)或伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于由and連接的并列句。

The teacher entered the classroom， followed by a group of students.

= The teacher entered the classroom， and he was followed by a group of students.

老師進(jìn)入教室，后面跟著一幫學(xué)生。

注意：

狀語(yǔ)從句改成過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)有時(shí)還可保留連詞，構(gòu)成“連詞 + 過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)。

When given a medical examination， you should keep calm.

當(dāng)你做體格檢查時(shí)要保持鎮(zhèn)定。

五、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的位置：

過(guò)去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語(yǔ)，后面有逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。

Moved to tears， he stood there silently.

= He stood there silently， moved to tears.

他靜靜地站在那里，被感動(dòng)得熱淚盈眶。

注意：

1. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)的和完成的動(dòng)作：

(1) 過(guò)去分詞如果同時(shí)表被動(dòng)和動(dòng)作完成，常可換用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)完成式；

Discussed (= Having been discussed) many times， the problems were settled at last.

在討論了多次之后，問(wèn)題終于解決了。

(2) 過(guò)去分詞如果只表被動(dòng)，不表完成，則不可與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)完成式換用。

Seen from the hill， the park looks very beautiful.

從山上看這個(gè)公園非常漂亮。

(3) 有些過(guò)去分詞因來(lái)源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不表被動(dòng)而表主動(dòng)。這樣的過(guò)去分詞及短語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有：lost，seated，hidden，stationed，lost/absorbed in，born，dressed in，tired of。

Lost/Absorbed in deep thought， he didn’t hear the sound.

因?yàn)槌聊缬谒伎贾校运麤](méi)聽(tīng)到那個(gè)聲音。

2. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)為主句的主語(yǔ)。

Given another hour， I can also work out this problem.

再給我一個(gè)小時(shí)，我也能解這道題。

Seen from the top of the hill， the city looks more beautiful to us.

從山頂看城市，城市顯得更漂亮。

拓展：

如果過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)，主句的主語(yǔ)就不再是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，這種帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

The signal given， the bus started.

信號(hào)一發(fā)出，公共汽車就開(kāi)動(dòng)了。

Her head held high， she went by.

她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過(guò)去。