常旭紅,張鈺,吳建茹,王蓓,唐萌
(1.環境醫學工程教育部重點實驗室,東南大學公共衛生學院,江蘇南京 210009;2.東南大學公共衛生學院流行病與衛生統計學系,江蘇南京 210009;3.江蘇省生物材料與器件重點實驗室東南大學,江蘇南京 210009)
近年來大氣顆粒物污染問題日益嚴重,國內外多項流行病學研究報道表明:顆粒物的污染與許多健康效應相關,可造成機體多系統損害,特別對心血管系統的影響不容忽視。顆粒物濃度短期升高能誘發心律失常、加重心衰、激發急性動脈粥樣硬化和缺血性心臟病等心血管損害,有關顆粒物對人體健康影響的研究已取得了較多的成果。我們將主要從不同空氣動力學粒徑的顆粒物對心血管疾病的急性影響方面進行回顧和系統評價,了解顆粒物的研究趨勢和目前存在的問題。
1.1.1 文獻類型 數據庫發表的大氣顆粒物對心血管疾病研究的急性效應文獻,微米級顆粒物只納入時間序列研究文獻,納米級顆粒物納入顆粒物對心血管急性效應的各類研究文獻。
1.1.2 研究對象 大氣顆粒物對心血管疾病急性效應的人群,不分性別、年齡、職業、種族和國籍。
1.1.3 效應指標 (1)可吸入顆粒物(PM10)、粗顆粒物(PM2.5~10)和細顆粒物(PM2.5):效應為人群因心血管病的入院率和死亡率,關聯指標為相對危險度(RR)、率差(RD)以及各自的95%CI;(2)超細顆粒物(UFP):UFP對人群心血管疾病的急性效應研究結果,包括可能的生物標志物或效應改變指標。
1.2.1 文獻檢索 中文檢索詞:顆粒物、納米顆粒、超細顆粒物、心血管疾病、時間序列研究、急性效應等;英文檢 索 詞:ultrafine particle,nanomaterial,superfine particle,PM,cardiovascular,time series等;檢索數據庫:Web of science、Pubmed、Cnki、萬方等電子數據庫,同時手工檢索相關雜志、專業資料和網絡信息,刪選相關文章。文獻語種限為英文和中文。
1.2.2 文獻納入標準 研究設計類型:微米級顆粒物選擇為時間序列的研究文章,納米級顆粒物選擇急性效應(時間序列、固定群組,交叉設計)的研究文章。研究因素:不同粒徑的顆粒物。研究對象:心血管疾病的全人群研究;符合研究資料中規定的指標要求。
1.2.3 文獻排除標準 排除心血管疾病慢性或長期作用研究文章,文章顆粒物粒徑描述不明確,研究結果不是全人群的文章以及有關動物實驗的文章。
1.2.4 資料提取 由兩位研究者對文章進行篩選,爭議通過討論解決。提取內容包括研究題目、作者、文獻類型、來源、研究方法、效應指標、相關研究結果等。
1.2.5 資料分析 采用Stata 10.0軟件進行統計分析,對同一類型研究結果文章多于兩篇的文獻進行結果合并,研究結果不一致,無法合并的進行定性描述總結。研究之間的異質性檢驗采用卡方檢驗,P>0.10時,多個研究具有同質性,采用固定效應模型,計算合并效應值和95%CI;P≤0.10時,多個研究具有異質性,在分析異質性原因的基礎上,考慮使用隨機效應模型計算合并效應值和95%CI;潛在的發表偏倚采用Begg's秩相關檢驗分析(α =0.05)。
輸入相關檢索詞檢索文章,排除重復后共納入endnote文獻管理軟件文章315篇,排除研究方法、對象不符合文獻后剩余104篇,排除綜述類和動物實驗文章剩余61篇,最后精讀文獻,納入符合要求的文章51篇,文獻納入過程詳見圖1。其中有關PM10研究文獻 35 篇,PM2.5~10研究文獻 10 篇,PM2.5研究文獻 20篇,UFP 研究文獻 9 篇(表1、2、3、4)。

圖1 文獻檢索評價流程圖Fig 1 The process chart of retrieve literature
PM10與心血管疾病入院率關系的時間序列研究共有10篇文獻,其中3篇以RR為關聯變量,由于有2篇未給出置信區間,無法定量合成,3篇文獻結果不一致(表1);另有7篇以AR為關聯變量,經異質性檢驗,采用隨機效應模型計算合并 RD及95%CI為0.7%(0.1%,1.3%),經 Begg's秩相關檢驗無發表偏倚(P=0.764)。PM10與心血管疾病死亡率關系的時間序列研究中,有12篇文獻以RR為關聯變量,有20篇文獻以RD為關聯變量,由于各研究間存在異質性,采用隨機效應模型進行合并,RR及95%CI合并值為1.02(1.01,1.03),經 Begg's 秩相關檢驗沒有發表偏倚(P=0.373);RD及 95%CI合并值為 0.51%(0.36%,0.65%),經 Begg's檢驗存在發表偏倚(P=0.035),結果見表1、圖 2。

表1 PM10與心血管疾病時間序列研究文章Tab 1 The relationship between PM10and cardiovascular disease of time series articles

圖2 PM10對心血管疾病死亡率影響的關系評價Fig 2 Evaluation of the relationship between PM10and cardiovascular disease mortality
PM2.5~10與心血管疾病入院率關系的時間序列研究共有5篇文獻,其中2篇以RR為關聯變量,僅1篇給出95%CI,不能對其進行合并;另3篇以RD為關聯變量,異質性檢驗提示各研究間無異質性,因此,采用固定效應模型進行合并,RD及95%CI合并值為0.3%(0.01%,0.7%)。PM2.5~10與心血管疾病死亡率關系的時間序列研究結果均采用固定效應模型進行合并,RR 及95%CI合并值為 1.024(1.010,1.038),RD及95%CI合并值為0.3%(0.01%,0.6%),Begg's秩相關檢驗顯示無顯著發表偏倚(P>0.05),結果見表2。

表2 PM2.5~10與心血管疾病時間序列研究文章Tab 2 The relationship between PM2.5 ~ 10and cardiovascular disease of time series articles
PM2.5與心血管疾病入院率關系的時間序列研究共有9篇文獻,其中3篇以RR為關聯變量,6篇文獻以RD為關聯變量,經異質性檢驗均采用固定效應模型進行合并,RR 及 95%CI合并值為1.027(1.015,1.038),RD 及 95%CI合并值為 0.9%(0.7%,1.1%),經 Begg's檢驗無發表偏倚(P > 0.05)。PM2.5與心血管疾病死亡率關系的時間序列研究共16篇,均采用隨機效應模型合并,RR及95%CI合并值為1.013(1.002,1.025),RD 及 95%CI合并值為 0.86%(0.47%,1.24%),經 Begg's檢驗無發表偏倚(P >0.05),結果見表3、圖3。

表3 PM2.5與心血管疾病時間序列研究文章Tab 3 The relationship between PM2.5and cardiovascular disease of time series articles
納米顆粒物是指直徑在100 nm以下的顆粒物質,相當于文獻報道中常見的超細顆粒物(UFP,空氣動力學直徑在0.1 μm之下),隨著納米材料生物安全性及納米毒理學相關研究的深入,納米尺度物質對心血管系統的潛在危害受到極大關注,但有關納米材料物質的危害研究在國內外還主要集中在動物和細胞實驗,有關人群的報道相對較少。本研究總結了有關納米級顆粒物對人群心血管疾病的研究結果,提示納米級顆粒物與人體心血管疾病存在關聯,但結論不盡一致,結果詳見表4。
有害物質的危險度評價或標準制定必須有來自毒理學和流行病學兩方面的資料,而流行病學資料是最直接的證據。顆粒物對人群的急性效應研究方法一般為時間序列研究、病例交叉研究和固定群組追蹤研究。在這3種研究方法中,時間序列研究是最常用的一種方法。因此,本研究中選擇時間序列研究的文獻探討顆粒物對心血管疾病的急性影響,但由于超細顆粒物對人群心血管疾病研究較少,因此,研究方法不局限于時間序列研究,擴大研究方法范圍。
本研究結果顯示,不同粒徑的顆粒物均為心血管疾病的危險因素,且心血管疾病入院率和死亡率與粒徑有關,PM2.5的危害高于PM10。但由于不同來源研究的顆粒物濃度、組成成分不盡一致,以及時間序列研究中滯后時間的差異,因此,顆粒物粒徑與危害效應的量效關系有待進一步探討。從研究方法上看,本研究設計了嚴格的文獻納入和排除標準,文獻收集系統全面,結果有一定可信度,但也存在不足,諸多因素如語種影響可能帶來語言偏倚,導致檢索不全,今后研究中可加強除中英文外的其他語種相關文獻的收集。
近年來納米技術快速發展,工程納米材料大量出現使納米產品生產者和消費者的暴露機會增加。納米材料已逐漸應用于藥學中,這意味著納米顆粒勢必將有更多機會與血管、血液及其中的成分發生相互作用。從文獻回顧中我們也可以看出,對顆粒物的研究從微米級開始一直到現在向納米級顆粒物質轉移,細顆粒物和納米級顆粒物對人體健康的影響成為國際環境流行病學研究的熱點之一,而UFPs被認為是介導顆粒物不良健康效應的主要因素。國內外流行病學和毒理學等學科的研究在該領域取得了一定成績,使人們對顆粒物與健康關系取得初步認識,但目前納米級顆粒對心血管系統毒性的證據還非常有限,關于納米級顆粒物研究成果還遠不能滿足環境健康決策以及與大眾進行環境健康風險交流的需要,有很多科學問題需要解決,需要利用各種動物實驗、臨床試驗及流行病學研究探討納米顆粒對心血管系統的影響,建立適合反映納米顆粒致損傷的生物學終點,明確其機制。
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