常利華,蔣 莉,郭 韻,張曉莉,李忠義,王曉非
(1.中國醫科大學附屬盛京醫院風濕免疫科,遼寧沈陽110022;2.沈陽醫學院奉天醫院手外二科,遼寧 沈陽110024)
強直性脊柱炎并發干燥綜合征患者的臨床特點及其實驗室檢查結果分析
常利華1,蔣 莉1,郭 韻1,張曉莉1,李忠義2,王曉非1
(1.中國醫科大學附屬盛京醫院風濕免疫科,遼寧沈陽110022;2.沈陽醫學院奉天醫院手外二科,遼寧 沈陽110024)
目的:闡明強直性脊柱炎 (AS)并發干燥綜合征 (SS)患者的特點,為該病的治療及并發癥的防治提供依據。方法:選擇確診的AS并發SS患者11例,總結臨床特點和實驗室檢查結果,分別比較AS并發SS與單純AS和單純SS患者外周關節受累率、人類白細胞抗原-B27(HLA-B27)陽性率、抗核抗體 (ANA)陽性率和C反應蛋白 (CRP)、血沉 (ESR)及免疫球蛋白水平。結果:11例患者均符合AS和SS的診斷標準,均有腰背痛與口干和 (或)眼干癥狀;外周關節受累9例,葡萄膜炎1例;影像學示骶髂關節炎雙側≥2級9例,單側3級1例,單側4級1例;HLA-B27陽性7例,HLA-B27陽性率 (63.6%)明顯低于單純AS患者 (92.9%)(P<0.05);唾液腺放射性核素檢查陽性9例;淚液分泌試驗陽性11例;ANA陽性9例,ANA陽性率(81.8%)與單純SS患者 (84.8%)比較差異無統計學意義;抗SSA抗體陽性8例;抗SSB抗體陽性6例;唇腺病理檢查陽性11例。AS并發SS患者CRP、ESR和免疫球蛋白水平高于單純AS和SS患者,但差異無統計學意義 (P>0.05);與AS患者比較,AS并發SS患者高球蛋白血癥發生率升高 (P<0.05)。結論:AS和SS可以同時發生,兩病同時并發患者更易出現外周關節受累。
強直性脊柱炎;干燥綜合征;抗核抗體;免疫球蛋白
強直性脊柱炎 (ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是以骶髂關節和脊柱慢性炎癥、進行性炎癥為主的全身性疾病;干燥綜合征 (Sjogren’s syndrome,SS)是一種主要累及全身外分泌腺的慢性炎癥性自身免疫疾病。二者可單獨發病,也可同時出現,但患者同時出現上述2種疾病的報道并不多見。本研究總結11例確診AS并發SS患者的臨床特點和實驗室檢查結果,旨在提高對AS和SS共存的認識。
1.1 一般資料 選擇2008年—2011年在中國醫科大學附屬盛京醫院風濕免疫科住院治療的AS患者488例和SS患者336例,其中同時患有AS和SS患者 (AS+SS組)11例,男性4例,女性7例,年齡18~49歲,平均年齡35歲,病程1~22年,平均病程9.6年。從上述患者中隨機選取單純AS患者 (AS組)42例,男性35例,女性7例,年齡14~52歲,平均年齡29.2歲,病程0.5~36.0年,平均病程12.3年;單純SS患者(SS組)33例,男性3例,女性30例,年齡17~55歲,平均年齡42.6歲,病程0.5~15.0年,平均病程8.9年。所有患者均符合AS和SS國際分類標準 (修訂的紐約標準)的診斷標準。
1.2 實驗室檢查指標 采用免疫比濁法檢測C反應蛋白 (CRP)水平;魏氏法檢測血沉 (ESR)水平;免疫比濁法檢測免疫球蛋白 (IgA、IgM和IgG)水平;ELISA法檢測抗核抗體 (antinuclear antibody,ANA)、抗SSA抗體、抗SSB抗體水平;流式細胞術檢測人類白細胞抗原-B27>(HLA-B27)陽性率。
1.3 統計學分析 采用SAS 9.2統計軟件進行數據分析。外周關節受累率、HLA-B27陽性率、ANA陽性率和CRP、ESR及高球蛋白血癥發生率組間比較采用χ2檢驗。
2.1 AS并發SS患者臨床表現 11例患者均有腰背痛、口干和 (或)眼干癥狀。其中有炎性腰背痛11例,口干9例,眼干11例,中軸骶髂關節炎11例,外周關節受累9例,單關節炎6例,多關節炎3例 (其中髖關節6例,膝關節4例,踝關節3例,肩關節2例,肘關節1例,腕關節1例,手足小關節3例),葡萄膜炎1例。外周關節受累情況:AS+SS組關節受累率 (9/11,81.8%)高于單純AS組 (28/42,66.7%)和單純SS組 (14/33,42.4%),差異有統計學意義 (P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 實驗室檢查 單純AS組患者影像學檢查示骶髂關節炎雙側≥2級9例,單側3級1例,單側4級1例;HLA-B27陽性7例,陽性率為63.6%,HLA-B27陽性率明顯低于單純AS組 (92.9%),差異有統計學意義 (P<0.05)。單純SS組患者唾液腺放射性核素檢查陽性9例,淚液分泌試驗陽性11例,ANA陽性9例,抗SSA抗體陽性8例,抗SSB抗體陽性6例,抗雙鏈DNA抗體、抗Sm抗體、抗U1RNP抗體和抗Scl-70抗體均為陰性,唇腺病理檢查陽性11例。ANA陽性率為81.8%,略低于單純SS組 (84.8%),但差異無統計學意義 (P>0.05)。AS+SS組CRP、ESR和免疫球蛋白水平均高于單純AS組和SS組,AS+SS組高球蛋白血癥發生率明顯高于AS組 (P<0.05),其他指標比較差異均無統計學意義。見表2。

表1 11例AS并發SS患者臨床表現Tab.1 Clinical manifestations of 11patients with AS complicated with SS

表2 AS+SS組與單純AS、單純SS組患者實驗室檢測結果比較Tab.2 Comparisons of laboratory findings of patients between AS+SS group and AS group,SS group
AS以累及中軸關節和肌腱、韌帶附著點為主,與HLA-B27密切相關。SS是以侵犯外分泌腺為主,以口干、眼干為常見表現的自身免疫性疾病,屬于彌漫結締組織病。本研究中11例患者均符合AS和SS診斷標準,表明二者可以同時發生。
1971年Whaley等[1]首先發現在AS患者中,部分患者并發SS癥狀,并行唇腺活檢發現淋巴細胞 灶, 此 后 陸 續 有 AS 并 發 SS 的 報 道[2-4]。2006年Kobak等[5]報道:在70例確診的AS患者中篩查SS患者,7例患者 (男性6例,女性1例,平均年齡46.7歲)符合SS的診斷標準,占AS患者的10%,再次證實二者可同時發病,且AS患者中SS發病幾率明顯高于正常人群,其發病機制尚不清楚,可能與以下遺傳、感染、細胞因子及基質金屬蛋白酶 (matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)等有關。
3.1 遺傳因素 從1973年第1次發現HLA-B27與AS之間的強相關性至今,HLA-B27一直是AS病因中最重要因素[6]。HLA-B27基因位于第6號染色體短區,至少包含31個密切相關的等位基因。SS與免疫遺傳因素有關,研究[7]發現:SS與HLA-B8、HLA-DR3有關聯,另外,大部分原發性SS患者均有 HLA-DQA1*0501頻率增高,提示HLA-DQA1*0501是一個重要的SS相關基因。此外,還有定位于6號染色體主要組織相容性復合物區域中心位置的腫瘤壞死因子 (TNFα)等位基因與SS發病有關。AS與HLA的Ⅰ型B27有密切關聯,SS與HLA的Ⅱ型DR3有相關性,1998年Golstein等[2]報道2例AS并發SS患者 HLA的Ⅰ和Ⅱ型表現極其相似而增加了二者共存的機會。
3.2 感染因素 細菌感染與HLA-B27之間的作用可能是AS發病機制的關鍵因素之一,細菌主要有彎曲桿菌屬、衣原體屬和志賀菌屬等。感染可引起一些無效的多肽結合到HLA-B27上并誘發變態免疫反應,導致胞內細菌的過度增殖和對抗原肽的延遲處理[8]。最早發現的與SS有關的病毒是EB病毒,EB病毒常寄生于人的唾液腺,可在B淋巴細胞和上皮細胞內進行周期性復制,導致淋巴細胞增生。有學者[9]在SS患者唇腺組織、腎臟組織和外周血中均檢測到EB病毒的DNA。SS患者的腮腺內存在EB病毒相關的抗原且EB病毒的DNA也已被證實。
3.3 細胞因子因素 AS的免疫病理發病機制與促炎細胞因子表達的上調有關,TNF-α在AS患者體內的表達水平明顯高于健康個體的表達水平,并且有證據[10]表明:抗TNF-α治療能有效地提高AS患者的療效。血清中IL-6和可溶性IL-2受體水平在AS患者中明顯升高。TNF-α在SS患者的腮腺組織內有豐富表達,用寡核苷酸探針與原位雜交的技術檢測到SS患者下頜下腺中含有促炎細胞因子IL-6和IL-1,而且這些細胞因子mRNA在浸潤淋巴細胞和上皮細胞中均有表達。由此可見,細胞因子參與了AS和SS的發病。
3.4 MMP因素 MMP與其抑制因素的病態失衡會引發炎癥,并且在AS患者中已經發現了血清MMP-3的高表達[11],而這與AS的疾病活動度和功能指數有確定的相關關系。Perez等[12]證實SS患者唇腺中的MMP-3mRNA和蛋白水平較對照組增加,且其蛋白增高的程度與腺體組織結構破壞程度相關。因此,AS和SS病程發生發展中MMP-3均發揮了重要作用。
綜上所述,AS和SS在發病機制上具有相似之處,但具體機制尚不明確,仍需進一步研究。2種疾病在臨床上可以同時出現,因此醫生應高度警惕二者并發的可能。對于已確診的AS病程較長者,特別是中青年女性患者,如出現多個外周關節受累,應注意詢問有無口干和 (或)眼干癥狀并行抗核抗體譜檢查,注意并發SS的可能;而確診為SS患者,同時出現腰背痛、下肢不對稱關節炎和色素膜炎時,應行骶髂關節影像學和HLA-B27檢查,注意SS并發AS的可能。患者如果同時患AS和SS,更易出現外周關節受累,炎性指標往往升高。AS并發SS治療上應注意二者兼顧,可給予非甾體抗炎藥改善關節癥狀,如病情需要應用糖皮質激素,應選擇合理的劑量及療程。
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Analysis of clinical features and laboratory fingdings in patients with ankylosing spondylitis complicated with Sjogren’s syndrome
CHANG Li-hua1,JIANG Li1,GUO Yun1,ZHANG Xiao-li1,LI Zhong-yi2,WANG Xiao-fei1
(1.Department of Rheumatology,Affiliated Shengjing Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110022,China;2.Department of Hand Surgery,Fengtian Hospital,Shenyang Medical College,Shenyang 110024,China)
ObjectiveTo clarify the characteristics of the patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)complicated with Sjogren’s syndrome (SS),and to provide basis for its treatment and prevention of complications.Methods11cases diagnosed as AS complicated with SS were selected,and the clinical features and laboratory fingdings were summarized retrospectively;the rate of involved joints,HLA-B27positive rate,antinuclear antibody (ANA)positive rate,and the levels of C-reaction protein (CRP),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)and immunoglobulin were compared between the patients with AS complicated with SS and the simple AS or SS patients.ResultsAll the 11patients were in line with the diagnostic criteria for AS and SS with low back pain and sicca symptoms;peripheral joints were involved in 9cases.1case had uveitis;the imaging studies showed that there were 9cases of grade 2bilateral sacroiliitis and above,and 1case of grade 3unilateral sacroiliitis,1case of grade 4unilateral sacroiliitis.The HLA-B27was positive in 7cases,and the positive rate (63.6%)was significantly lower than that of simple AS patients (92.9%) (P<0.05).The salivary radionuclide examination was positive in 9cases;the Schirmer test was positive in 11cases.Among 11patients with AS complicated with SS,9cases were ANA positive,the ANA positive rates had no significant difference between patients with AS complicated with SS (81.8%)and simple SS patients (84.89%).The anti-SSA antibodies were positive in 8cases;the anti-SSB antibodies were positive in 6cases;the minor salivary gland biopsy was positive in 11cases.The levels of CRP,ESR,and immunoglobulin of the patients with AS complicated with SS were higher than those of AS patients or SS patients,but the differences were not significant(P>0.05).Compared with AS patients,the incidence of hyperglobulinemia in patients with AS complicated with SS was increased (P<0.05).ConclusionAS and SS can occur at the same time,and the patients with AS complicated with SS are prefer to peripheral joint involvement.
ankylosing spondylitis;Sjogren’s syndrome;antinuclear antibody;immunoglobulin
R593.23
A
1671-587Ⅹ(2012)06-1183-04
2012-05-24
遼寧省科技廳科學計劃項目資助課題 (2011225015);遼寧省醫學高峰建設工程重點科研項目資助課題(200931)
常利華 (1982-),男,遼寧省阜新市人,醫師,醫學碩士,主要從事風濕病的臨床研究。
王曉非 (Tel:024-96615-1-27111,E-mail:vincentclh@126.com)