杭州人洪昇是《紅樓夢(mèng)》的原創(chuàng)作者？

《紅樓夢(mèng)》的作者不是曹雪芹，而是順治年間杭州人洪昇；《紅樓夢(mèng)》故事發(fā)生地在杭州的西溪一帶。這一石破天驚的新說(shuō)，是“土默熱紅學(xué)”創(chuàng)始人土默熱最先提出的。今天，這個(gè)新說(shuō)正在杭州乃至國(guó)內(nèi)外悄然熱傳。異端真?zhèn)斡写茖W(xué)考證，而它只能以事實(shí)來(lái)證明。

2012年6月17日，父親節(jié)。一位蒙古族老學(xué)者，從北國(guó)來(lái)到杭州西溪，見(jiàn)證了“杭州西溪紅學(xué)陳列館”和“杭州土默熱紅學(xué)研究中心”揭牌。

這位老學(xué)者，就是“土默熱紅學(xué)”的創(chuàng)始人—土默熱先生。

而他致力半生研究的成果，正是扎根于西溪、扎根于洪園的事業(yè)—《紅樓夢(mèng)》作者不是眾所周知的曹雪芹與高鶚，而是杭州人洪昇，洪昇曾經(jīng)居住生活過(guò)的西溪洪園，正是《紅樓夢(mèng)》的原型地。

說(shuō)起西溪洪園，可能很多杭州人也有點(diǎn)搞不清楚。

今天已經(jīng)建成的西溪濕地國(guó)家公園分東、西兩個(gè)園區(qū)。東區(qū)所在地為西湖區(qū)，2005年開園，是第一期工程和第二期工程。西區(qū)所在地為余杭五常，2008年開園，為第三期工程，主打洪氏文化，于是也叫洪園。以前以一期、二期、三期來(lái)區(qū)分的；后來(lái)，也叫過(guò)西溪國(guó)家濕地公園東區(qū)（西湖區(qū)）、西區(qū)（余杭區(qū)）；但最終，大家都覺(jué)得，后者還是直接叫西溪洪園最好，因?yàn)椋閳@本就是西溪三期工程最大的亮點(diǎn)。

洪園有兩個(gè)入口：沿天目山路向西，右拐轉(zhuǎn)入五常大道，不到300米，是西溪洪園的龍舌嘴入口。“杭州繞城高速”五常出口下來(lái)之后，沿訪溪路進(jìn)來(lái)，便是西溪洪園的洪園入口。

日前，我走進(jìn)洪園，滿目皆綠。濕地內(nèi)，隨處是溪流、河蕩、澤地。蕩中有島，島中有塘，港汊縱橫。堤岸上的池杉、垂柳、翠竹、桑樹、香樟、枇杷樹、柿樹、桂花樹，水邊的草已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)得很高，偶有野鴨白鷺出沒(méi)，還來(lái)不及驚呼，便已從水邊掠過(guò)。在這里，有300畝蘆葦、4000棵柿子樹……

可是，這樣一片充滿了原生態(tài)自然風(fēng)光的地方，土默熱先生為何會(huì)把它與《紅樓夢(mèng)》的創(chuàng)作聯(lián)系起來(lái)呢？帶著這樣的疑問(wèn)，我請(qǐng)教了與土默熱先生相熟的中國(guó)作家協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)員、杭州土默熱紅學(xué)研究中心顧問(wèn)桑士達(dá)老師。

土默熱與“土默熱紅學(xué)”

對(duì)于土默熱先生踏上研究西溪與紅學(xué)道路的生平，桑士達(dá)娓娓道來(lái)：“土默熱1951年10月出生于吉林扶余，1973年8月入吉林師范大學(xué)地理系學(xué)習(xí)，1976年9月進(jìn)吉林省扶余縣教師進(jìn)修學(xué)校工作。其后進(jìn)入政界，現(xiàn)為吉林省總工會(huì)主要負(fù)責(zé)人。”

土默熱最早接觸紅學(xué)，是在文革期間。當(dāng)時(shí)，毛澤東主席號(hào)召讀《紅》評(píng)《紅》，土默熱積極地投入了活動(dòng)，研讀中卻得出了與眾不同的結(jié)論—《紅樓夢(mèng)》是杭州人洪昇原創(chuàng)，故事發(fā)生地就在杭州西溪！為了印證自己的研究，30多年來(lái)，他數(shù)次南下杭州實(shí)地考察，尋蹤搜古、查典求籍，登山踏水、篳路藍(lán)縷，終于對(duì)杭州的歷史文化了如指掌，講起來(lái)頭頭是道，比我們?cè)S多杭州人更熟悉杭州！

“土默熱紅學(xué)”，是土默熱積30余年之功創(chuàng)立的紅學(xué)新說(shuō)，可謂是對(duì)一直以來(lái)定論的“離經(jīng)叛道”之說(shuō)！概而言之，“土默熱紅學(xué)”對(duì)《紅樓夢(mèng)》產(chǎn)生的時(shí)代背景、思想源流、文化傳承、民俗宗教等，進(jìn)行了全新的探索；對(duì)作品的創(chuàng)作緣起、故事素材、人物原型、審美建構(gòu)等，做出了最新的詮釋。

土默熱積多年研究之功，早在2003年，就開始在“紅樓藝苑”網(wǎng)站發(fā)表闡述其研究成果的系列論文。2006年，《土默熱紅學(xué)》一書由吉林人民出版社出版。

其后，土默熱依然筆耕不輟，先后出版了《土默熱紅學(xué)》及其續(xù)補(bǔ)三卷、“土默熱紅樓文化叢書”五卷、《〈紅樓夢(mèng)〉與西溪文化》、《土默熱紅學(xué)新突破》等專著。臺(tái)灣出版界出版發(fā)行了《土默熱：紅學(xué)大突破》一書。專著文字總量達(dá)600余萬(wàn)字，在港臺(tái)和海外引起了較大反響。

洪氏文化 洪園之魂

在桑士達(dá)老師的指點(diǎn)下，筆者在西溪洪園里，除了看到原生態(tài)的自然風(fēng)光，更體驗(yàn)到了獨(dú)特的洪氏文化。

在西溪洪園，在莊嚴(yán)肅穆的“錢塘望族”、“洪氏宗祠”里，在展品豐富的“洪氏家族文化展覽館”中，在園林般的洪園里，人們可以深深感受悠遠(yuǎn)的家族文化帶來(lái)的歷史厚重感。

洪氏家族，相傳始于遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代的共工氏，姓姜，是炎帝的后裔，生活在河南輝縣一帶，后人奉為水神。約至東漢，后裔避仇居敦煌，改姓洪。后支系繁衍，多籍東南。

唐時(shí)洪家移居盱眙（今屬江蘇）、徽州、江西鄱陽(yáng)等地。洪士良的先祖“世世業(yè)耕桑”，靠農(nóng)耕為業(yè)。到了洪士良時(shí)，他則“志操不群”，立志于發(fā)家致富，要由農(nóng)耕漸變?yōu)檗r(nóng)商兼做。

到了南宋，洪皓立功，封為魏國(guó)忠宣公，賜第杭州葛嶺，賜田西溪，稱為錢塘洪氏之始。洪皓三子，都官至宰執(zhí)大臣，始成錢塘望族，明王守仁《謚襄惠兩峰洪公墓志銘》稱：“自宋太祖忠宣公皓賜第于錢塘西湖之葛嶺，三子景伯、景嚴(yán)、景廬皆以名德相承，遂為錢塘望族。”

自南宋洪皓始由江西鄱陽(yáng)遷居杭州開始，歷經(jīng)宋、明、清三代，幾百年來(lái)人才輩出，有“宋朝父子公侯三宰相，明紀(jì)祖孫太保五尚書”之說(shuō)（西溪洪園所在地五常的由來(lái)也是取自五尚的諧音），在中國(guó)歷史上有著很高的文化價(jià)值和影響。自南宋起，洪氏家族出了三位宰相、五位尚書。

晚年歸隱于西溪五常的明尚書洪鐘，建了洪園，作為休憩吟詠之所。以詩(shī)書禮家，傳承優(yōu)秀家族文化，為官清廉而傳世，為民重教重德而揚(yáng)名，洪氏家族在此繁衍生息數(shù)百年，涌現(xiàn)了洪楩、洪昇等一批歷史文化名人，被譽(yù)為“錢塘望族”。

桑士達(dá)老師告訴筆者，現(xiàn)在的洪園，按明代尚書洪鐘晚年歸隱西溪所建“洪園”復(fù)建而成。走進(jìn)園內(nèi)，有一種柳暗花明、豁然開朗之感。碧水幽幽，綠影婆娑，白墻黛瓦，亭閣石橋，安靜而恬淡，體現(xiàn)西溪濕地的一種歸隱文化。

值得一提的是，洪園以私家園林的面貌出現(xiàn)，布局遵從“前府后院”格局，由洪府、三瑞堂、書院、園林等部分組成。建筑為明末風(fēng)格，面積3000平方米，讓人仿佛看到了洪家在宋、明、清時(shí)期數(shù)百年的輝煌家史。

“土默熱紅學(xué)”與杭州西溪

桑士達(dá)告訴我，“土默熱紅學(xué)”以為《紅樓夢(mèng)》與杭州、與西溪是根脈聯(lián)結(jié)關(guān)系，主要論據(jù)是《紅樓夢(mèng)》的作者是杭州人洪昇（1645—1704），他字昉思，號(hào)稗村、稗畦，又號(hào)南屏樵者，順治二年出生于杭州一個(gè)名門望族。洪昇10歲即師從杭州著名詩(shī)人陸繁弨學(xué)詩(shī)，后又在毛先舒、朱之京門下受教，15歲即“詩(shī)鳴錢塘”，19歲已為浙中詩(shī)壇的領(lǐng)袖，有詩(shī)集《嘯月樓集》《稗畦集》和《稗畦續(xù)集》傳世，后來(lái)以一部《長(zhǎng)生殿》名滿京師。

《紅樓夢(mèng)》故事的發(fā)生地就在杭州，至今，洪園里和洪昇的生平中，都能找到不少關(guān)于紅樓夢(mèng)細(xì)節(jié)的鳳毛麟爪：

書中“金陵十二釵”的原型就是清初活躍于杭州西湖、西溪、西泠這“三西”名山勝水間的蕉園詩(shī)社十二金釵，也是洪昇的一干親姐妹和表姐妹；書中描寫的“賈史王薛”四大家族衰敗的過(guò)程，其原型就是杭州的洪、顧、黃、錢四大家族在明末清初式微的過(guò)程；書中“大觀園結(jié)社吟詩(shī)”的原型就是杭州的前后兩期“蕉園詩(shī)社”—“蕉園五子社”和“蕉園七子社”；書中“大觀園”的原型就在杭州西溪流香溪畔的貴族園林，其中怡紅院、瀟湘館、蘅蕪苑、稻香村的原型便是洪鐘別業(yè)、蕉園、花塢錢氏竹樹產(chǎn)業(yè)、沈氏九間樓；書中太虛幻境的原型則在天柱山下的洞霄宮……

如此等等，《紅樓夢(mèng)》中所描寫的大多數(shù)人物、景致都可以在杭州、在西溪找到其原型和蹤跡。可以說(shuō)《紅樓夢(mèng)》與杭州、與西溪有著千絲萬(wàn)縷撇不清、掰不開的聯(lián)系。如今，全國(guó)第一個(gè)“土默熱紅學(xué)研究中心”在杭州西溪成立，使土默熱紅學(xué)研究接上了杭州西溪的地氣。

而杭州市、西湖區(qū)大力支持這項(xiàng)研究，建立了“西溪紅學(xué)陳列館”，成立了“杭州土默熱紅學(xué)研究中心”，集聚了一批有志于“土紅”研究的專家、學(xué)者和基層紅學(xué)愛(ài)好者，編纂了首冊(cè)本土的《土默熱紅學(xué)研究論文集》。

當(dāng)然，這還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，“土默熱紅學(xué)”研究還需要不斷深入，要進(jìn)一步拿出切實(shí)可信的證據(jù)，使這個(gè)學(xué)說(shuō)得到全國(guó)乃至世界的專家、讀者的認(rèn)同。

杭州市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)土默熱紅學(xué)這張新名片高度重視，市政協(xié)主席葉明說(shuō)：“我覺(jué)得這是一種責(zé)任，我這里要引用一下丘吉爾的一句話，他說(shuō)英國(guó)寧愿放棄澳大利亞，也不放棄莎士比亞，因?yàn)樯勘葋喆砹擞?guó)的文化高度和精神高度。一個(gè)國(guó)家的強(qiáng)大不在國(guó)土面積多大，而在于精神，在于品質(zhì)。我套用這句話，杭州寧愿少建一座水泥高樓，也絕不放棄這座文化古堡。”

Scholar Identifies Hangzhou Native as Novel Author

By Xiao Jie

Though “Dream of Red Mansions” is merely one of the four major ancient Chinese novels and though many scholars may argue that the other three are equally valuable in terms of culture and literature， the novel is unique in a sense. When it comes to studies of the great novel of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)， nothing is clear and cut. Since it first appeared， people have talked about who actually wrote it， who the commentator who read and commented on a manuscript was， who actually wrote the 40-chapter sequel. The novel is a complexity itself. Scholars disagree almost about everything. They do not even agree who wrote the novel， let alone whose biographical story it really was. Hundreds of theories exist. Though scholars agree that the first 80 chapters of the novel were by one person and that the next 40 chapter were by another person， many have believed they knew better by creating the last 40 chapters themselves.

Since the Qing Dynasty， the study of the “Dream of Red Mansions” is a cultural phenomenon and the discipline is abridged into a concise term: Red Studies. No other novel in the history of Chinese literature has attracted so widespread attention and has been so thrilling for so long a time.

On June 17， 2012， a scholar named Tu Mo’re attended an opening ceremony in Hangzhou. The ceremony unveiled a Red Study gallery in the West Brook， Hangzhou. The gallery doubles as the center of Tu Mo’re Red Study.

The venue is called Hong Garden， the previous residence of the Hong family. According to Tu Mo’re， Hong Sheng (1645-1704) is the author of the great novel and the novel is based on the Hong Garden in West Brook， now a scenic wetland area in the western suburb of Hangzhou.

Tu Mo’re was born in October 1951. He studied as a major of geography at Jilin Teachers University in the early 1970s and began to work at a teachers’ academy at county level after his graduation. Now he is a major director of Jilin Federation of Trade Unions.

Though he cannot be considered seriously by some as a scholar of literature， he has spent the past three decades reading the novel and conducting his studies and searching evidence for his theory. He began to read “Dream of Red Mansions” during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) in response to Mao Zedong’s call for reading the novel. Tu read the novel and concluded that it was originally written by Hong Sheng， a Hangzhou native.

Over the past 30 years， he has visited Hangzhou many times trying to find solid evidence for his theory. His knowledge of the history and culture of Hangzhou is more than that of many local residents.

He began to publish his study results in 2003. In 2006， a collection of his Red Study papers came out and he called it “The Red Study of Tu Mo’re”， followed by more books on the subject. A Taiwan publisher noticed his breakthrough in the study of the novel and published his work. Altogether， he has published articles and books of 6 million characters.

It was by no accident that Hong Sheng became a big scholar and playwright， even though whether he penned the novel remains controversial and Tu’s theory is competing with dozens of other theories.

The Hong clan went back to the very beginning of the Chinese civilization. The Hong ancestors were then worshipped as river gods. In the Tang Dynasty (618-907)， the Hong clan moved southward to Jiangsu， Anhui and Jiangxi. In the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)， Hong Hao (1088-1155) honored his country when he served as a royal envoy to visit the Jin kingdom. He was detained there before he was finally released. The emperor conferred dukedom upon him and gave him farmland in West Brook. Each of his three sons served as prime minister in the Southern Song Dynasty. The family was one of the most prominent families in Hangzhou. Five descendants served as ministers during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). It was in the Ming Dynasty that Hong Zhong， a retired minister， built a garden in West Brook as a retreat. The family established itself there and prospered. Hong Sheng was one of the brilliant descendants of the Hong clan in Hangzhou.

The Hong Garden in the West Brook today is a replica of the prototype built in the late period of the Ming Dynasty. The garden measures 3，000 square meters， composed of houses in the front and a large garden in the back. It is ideal for a reclusive life.

Hong Sheng made his reputation as a poet at the age of 15 and he established himself as one of the best poets of Zhejiang Province when he turned 19. As a playwright， he is remembered forever for “Longevity Hall”， a romance he created about a Tang emperor and his concubine.

According to Tu， the characters and scenes in the “Dream of Red Mansions” were all based on the people of the Hong Garden and the scenic places that can be found around West Brook.

The West Lake District Government seems to like the idea that Hong Sheng， a native of Hangzhou， wrote the great novel. Tying Hong Sheng to the novel would certainly promote tourism and considering Hong Sheng as the author would be innocuous academically.