Number and characteristics of medical professionals working in Chinese mental health facilities

Caiping LIU, Lijin CHEN, Bin XIE*, Jun YAN, Tongling JIN, Zhiguo WU

?Original article?

Number and characteristics of medical professionals working in Chinese mental health facilities

Caiping LIU1, Lijin CHEN2, Bin XIE1*, Jun YAN3, Tongling JIN3, Zhiguo WU1

1. Introduction

Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Project indicate that mental disorders account for 11% of overall disease burden in low- and middle-income countries,but only 35 to 50% of individuals with mental illnesses ever received treatment.[1-4]In China, mental disorders have become a major cause of disease burden;[5]based on current projections, by 2020 they will account for over 15% of the total burden of disease and injury in the country.[6]The largest mental health epidemiological study conducted in China to date (with a sample of 63,000 and a sampling frame of 113 million adults)[7]estimated that there are 173 million individuals with current mental disorders in the country but only 8%of them have ever received any type of mental health treatment. It is unknown whether or not the current mental health services and the currently available numbers of mental health professionals can meet this large and growing need for services. To help understand the current situation, this study describes the number and characteristics of health professionals working in mental health institutions throughout China.

2. Methods

2.1 Data

The steps used to identify the data used in this analysis are shown in Figure 1. For the purpose of this study, a‘mental health facility’ refers to any specialty mental health facility including psychiatric hospitals, freestanding outpatient clinics (that are not administered by psychiatric hospitals), and mental health surveillance centers (that monitor mental health conditions in the community and, in some locations, provide follow-up care to mentally ill individuals). Most of these facilities are administered by the Ministry of Health, but the Ministry of Civil Affairs (the ministry responsible for public welfare services) also administers many chroniccare psychiatric hospitals, the Ministry of Public Security administers the forensic psychiatric hospitals, and there are a growing number of mental health facilities administered by local communities or by private individuals or organizations.

All medical facilities in China provide monthly updates to the Ministry of Health Statistics Information Center, where data is archived annually. The authors searched this database (updated to 2010) using the keywords ‘mental health’ and ‘medical facility’ and identified 757 different specialized mental health facilities. The characteristics of the facilities and the number and characteristics of the medical professionals working at these facilities in 2010 were abstracted from the database and used in the current analysis. According to the definition in the Provisional Regulations of Medical Professionals,[8]‘medical professionals’ refers to physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and medical technicians; in the current analysis these professionalswere categorized as ‘licensed physicians’ (i.e., psychiatrists and other physicians working in mental health institutions), ‘registered nurses’, and ‘other medical professionals’ (i.e., pharmacists and medical technicians). Physicians and nurses in China are classified into six groups based on their professional rank: senior clinician, associate-level clinician, intermediate-level clinician, assistant-level clinician, entry-level clinician,and clinicians who are not yet classified. Seven geographical regions of China employed in the analysis were defined as follows: ‘North China’ included Beijing,Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia; ‘North-East China’ included Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang; ‘East China’ included Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui,Fujian, Jiangxi, and Shandong; ‘Central China’ included Henan, Hubei, and Hunan; ‘South China’ included Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan; ‘South-West China’included Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan; and‘North-West China’ included Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai,Ningxia, and Xinjiang. The 2010 population of each region was obtained from the 2010 national census published by the National Statistical Bureau.[9]

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study

2.2 Statistical analysis

SPSS13.0 statistical software was used for data analysis.Descriptive statistics were used to describe the gender,age, level of education, years of experience in mental health, and professional ranks of the three categories of medical professionals in the seven geographical regions. The proportion of all licensed physicians and registered nurses in China working in mental health facilities was assessed by referring to the total number of physicians and nurses reported in the 2010 Public Report of Developments in Medical Services of China.[10]The population-adjusted numbers of physicians, nurses,and other medical professionals working in mental health facilities in China were compared to the 2010 aggregated data for different types of countries reported by the World Health Organization.[11]Comparison of rates of mental health professionals between the seven regions was conducted using at Tukey-type multiple comparison method based on an arcsin transformation of the original proportions.[12]Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric tests and the Ridit method[13]were used for cross-regional comparisons of the characteristics of mental health professionals.

3. Results

3.1 Number and institutional distribution of mental health professionals

As shown in Table 1, a total of 757 specialized mental health facilities were identified in the Ministry of Health database, including 649 (85.6%) psychiatric hospitals,82 (10.8%) free-standing mental health clinics, and 26(3.4%) mental health surveillance centers. There were a total of 68,796 medical professionals working in these institutions in 2010, including 20,480 (30%) licensedphysicians, 35,337 (51%) registered nurses, and 12,979(19%) other medical professionals. Over 98% of these medical professionals worked in psychiatric hospitals.The Ministry of Health administered 56.9% of all types of facilities and 63.2% of all psychiatric hospitals; 79.7%of all mental health professionals worked in these facilities. The Ministry of Civil Affairs administered 15.5% of all types of facilities and 17.3% of all hospitals;15.0% of all mental health professionals worked in these facilities. The Ministry of Public Security administered 1.8% of all facilities and 2.0% of all psychiatric hospitals;1.8% of all mental health professionals worked in these facilities. And 25.8% of all facilities and 17.6% of all hospitals were administered by local agencies or private individuals; 4.6% of all mental health professionals worked in these facilities.

Table 1. Numbers of different types of medical professionals working in the 757 specialized mental health facilities listed in China’s Ministry of Health Database in 2010

3.2 Numbers and population ratios of medical professionals in mental health facilities in China

Table 2 shows the regional distribution of medical professionals working in the identified facilities. In 2010,the overall number of mental health professionals per 100,000 population was 5.16, including 1.54 physicians,2.65 nurses, and 0.97 other types of mental health professionals. For licensed physicians, registered nurses and all types of mental health professionals, the highest rates per 100,000 population were in North-East China and East China and the lowest rates were in North-West China and Central China. For other mental health professionals (i.e., pharmacists and medical technicians working in mental health facilities) the highest rates per 100,000 population were in North China and the lowest in North-West China. Given the large numbers involved,most of these regional differences in population adjusted rates of mental health professionals were statistically significant.

According to the 2010 Public Report of Developments in Medical Services of China,[13]there were 2,413,000 licensed physicians and 2,048,000 registered nurses in all of China in 2010. Thus, physicians working in mental health facilities accounted for 0.85% of all physicians in the country and registered nurses working in mental health facilities accounted for 1.73% of all registered nurses in the country.

Table 3 compares the mental health workforce in China to that of other regions of the world. Despite currently being classified as an upper-middle-income country, China has a much smaller number of health professionals per 100,000 population working inmental health institutions than other upper-middleincome countries (5.16 v. 28.15). Another unique aspect of the mental health workforce is China is the much higher proportion of physicians: in China 30% of mental health professionals are licensed physicians but the corresponding proportions in low-income, lower middle-income, upper-middle-income and high-income countries are 7%, 10%, 7%, and 14%, respectively.

Table 2. Number of mental health professionals working in 757 specialized mental health facilities in seven regionsa of China listed in China’s Ministry of Health Database in 2010

Table 3. Comparison of numbers of different types of mental health professionals per 100,000 population between China and different regions of the world in 2010

3.3 Characteristics of medical professionals working in mental health facilities in China

Among licensed physicians working in mental health facilities, 11,897 (58.1%) were male and 8583 (41.9%)were female; among registered nurses, 4495 (12.7%)were male and 30,842 (87.3%) were female; and among other professionals working at mental health facilities 5322 (41.0%) were male and 7657 (59.0%) were female. Among licensed physicians, 0.1% were under 25 years of age, 67.4% were 25 to 44 years of age, and 32.6% were 45 years of age or older; among registered nurses, 13.3% were under 25, 63.2% were 25 to 44, and 23.4% were 45 or older; among other mental health professionals, 15.6% were under 25, 58.7% were 25 to 44, and 25.7% were 45 or older.

As shown in Table 4, 32% of licensed physicians working in mental health facilities had less than 10 years of experience working in mental health while18% had more than 30 years of experience working in mental health. There was a statistically significant crossregional difference in the level of experience of licensed physicians (χ2=178.89, p＜0.001); pair-wise comparisons found that physicians working in North-East China had longer work histories in mental health than physicians working in other regions of the country, and those working in South China had shorter work histories than those working in other regions of the country.

Table 4. Years of work experience of licensed physicians and registered nurses working in 757 mental health facilities in different regions of Chinaa in 2010

Among all registered nurses working in mental health facilities, 38% had less than 10 years of professional experience and 13% had more than 30 years of experience. There were statistically significant differences across regions (χ2=886.07, p＜0.001); nurses working in North-East China had longer work histories than those in other regions and nurses working in South China and South-West China had shorter work histories.

As shown in Table 5, slightly over half (51%) of the licensed physicians working in mental health facilities in China have a bachelor’s degree in medicine (which is usually a 5-year degree after completing high school).A relatively small proportion of psychiatrists (6%) have graduate degrees – that is, master’s or doctoral degrees in medicine (usually specializing in psychiatry). Twentynine percent of the physicians have technical college degrees (usually 3-years post high school). And 14% of the licensed physicians do not have any formal degree;most of these are older clinicians or senior nurses who have been ‘grandfathered’ into the physician role.There were significant differences by region in the level of education of physicians working as psychiatrists:those working in North China had higher academic qualifications than those working in other regions.

Very few of the registered nurses working in mental health facilities had post-graduate degrees and only 11% had bachelor’s degrees. Forty-four percent of registered nurses had a two-year or three-year degree from a technical college and the remaining 46% had no academic qualification of any kind. There were significant differences in the educational attainment of psychiatric nurses in the seven regions: similar to the situation with physicians, nurses working in mental health facilities in North China had higher academicqualifications than those working in other regions of the country.

Table 5. Educational status of licensed physicians and registered nurses working in 757 mental health facilities in different regions of Chinaa in 2010

As shown in Table 6, the professional rank of the majority of licensed physicians working in mental health facilities were at the assistant-level or intermediatelevel. There were significant cross-regional differences in the professional ranks of physicians working in mental health facilities (χ2=196.11, p＜0.001): multiple comparison tests showed that physicians working in North-East China had higher professional ranks than those working in other regions of the country while those working in South China and South-West China had lower professional ranks than those working in other parts of the country.

The professional rank of most registered nurses working in mental health facilities were at the entrylevel, assistant-level or intermediate-level. Around the entire nation, there were only 32 registered nurses who had the highest professional level (i.e., senior clinician).There were statistically significant cross-regional differences in the professional rank of registered nurses(χ2=595.86, p＜0.001): nurses working in North-East China had higher professional ranks than those in other regions while those working in South-West China had lower professional ranks than those working in other regions.

4. Discussion

4.1 Main findings

This study provides the most comprehensive national analysis of medical professionals working in mental health facilities in China yet available. Unlike most other countries in which the majority of mental health professionals work in private clinics or non-specialized institutions, the vast majority of mental services in China are provided at specialized mental health facilities, so the current analysis provides a reasonable assessment of the overall distribution of mental health professionals in the country. Our findings show that most services are provided by psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses working in psychiatric hospitals and that the regionaldistribution of these services is heavily skewed in favor of the relatively wealthy eastern and northeastern parts of the country. This regional distribution is consistent with other analyses which show that medical professionals tend to be concentrated in more economically prosperous communities.[14]Compared to other countries at a similar level of development to that of China, there is a serious insufficiency of mental health professionals in China (5.2 v. 28.2 per 100,000 population) and the proportion of mental health professionals who are licensed physicians is much higher in China (30% v. 7%), primarily because of the virtual absence of clinical psychologists, psychiatric social workers, psychiatric rehabilitation workers, and other non-medical mental health professionals.

Table 6. Professional level of licensed physicians and registered nurses working in 757 mental health facilities in different regions of Chinaa in 2010

We also found that the level of training of the licensed physicians and registered nurses working in mental health facilities in China is quite low. Twentynine percent of physicians only had a technical school degree and 14% have no academic degree at all. Forty-six percent of the nurses had no academic qualifications. This is a common problem in low- and middle-income countries,[15]partly because qualified young medical professionals avoid psychiatry as a career choice due to its limited professional flexibility and due to the perceived low efficacy of the available treatments for mental health disorders.[16]This problem is magnified in China by the relatively low pay of mental health professionals compared to that of other medical professionals and by the transference of the stigma associated with mental illnesses to those who work with the mentally ill.[17]There were also regional differences in the educational attainment of mental health professionals; for both physicians and nurses, those from North China had better educational qualifications than those from other parts of the country.

The interregional differences in the duration of employment as a mental health professional may be indirectly related to regional economic differences. For both physicians and nurses working as mental health professionals, those in North-East China, North China and North-West China had longer work histories in mental health than those from South-West China, South China, East China and Central China. This may reflect the more static economic environment and less frequent career changes of professionals in northern China compared to the dynamic economic environment in other parts of the country that promotes more frequent career changes among young professionals.

4.2 Limitations

There are some mental health facilities administered by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, by the Ministry of Public Security, and by local agencies that were not identified in the Ministry of Health database used in our analysis.And some large general hospitals in China are now providing specialized psychiatric and psychological services. Thus our analysis does not identify all mental health professionals working in the country; but we expect that the number of professionals not captured in our analysis is relatively small, so this is unlikely to affect our overall results.

This analysis does not consider mental health services provided by non-specialized physicians in general hospitals and community health clinics around the country so it may give a skewed picture of the overall pattern of mental health providers. There is little data available to determine the volume of these non-specialized mental health services, but we expect this to be a very small part of the overall mental health delivery system. Reasons for this assumption include the limited training in mental health during medical school,the high volume of most medical services, and general physicians’ reluctance to deal with their patients’ mental health problems.

Future research about the provision of mental health services in the country needs to expand the monitoring system to include all specialized and nonspecialized health facilities and, possibly, non-health facilities that provide general counseling (e.g., hotline services, psychological clinics in schools, etc.). Future research also needs distinguish other types of mental health professionals (e.g., clinical psychologists and psychiatric social workers) and to better characterize the mental health training received by the professionals who provide mental health services.

4.3 Implications

These findings demonstrate the magnitude of the challenge facing China as it moves forward with implementing its new national mental health law[18]which aims to provide evidence-based mental health services to all citizens who need them. At present the population-adjusted ratios of mental health professionals in China are very low compared to other countries, the vast majority of mental health professionals work in specialized psychiatric hospitals (most of which are situated in urban areas),the educational qualifications of mental health professionals is quite low, there are almost no clinical psychologists and psychiatric social workers in the country, and there is a serious regional maldistribution of the mental health facilities and personnel that are available. Rectifying these structural problems require supporting the creation of new types of mental health professionals,[17,19]establishing incentives that encourage more physicians and nurses to specialize in mental health, standardizing the professional training of medical personnel who work in mental health, providing preferential treatment for professionals who work in the less-developed western parts of the country, and,perhaps most importantly, understanding the incentive systems that can increase the willingness of nonspecialized medical professionals – particularly those working in community settings – to provide mental health care as part of a comprehensive package of health services.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by the Ministry of Health Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC-MH 2011-3)

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中國(guó)精神衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)中的專業(yè)人員數(shù)量和特征

劉彩萍1，陳立今2，謝斌1*，嚴(yán)俊3，金同玲3，吳志國(guó)1

1上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬精神衛(wèi)生中心 上海
2上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)辦公室 上海
3衛(wèi)生部疾病預(yù)防控制局精神衛(wèi)生管理處 北京

背景：精神障礙在我國(guó)疾病總負(fù)擔(dān)中占有相當(dāng)大的比例，但可提供于精神障礙患者心理衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的專業(yè)人員數(shù)量，分布和特點(diǎn)還是未知數(shù)。目的全面了解我國(guó)精神衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)人力資源分布現(xiàn)狀和特點(diǎn)。方法從衛(wèi)生部統(tǒng)計(jì)信息中心獲得2010年在中國(guó)精神衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)中工作的衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員的數(shù)量和特征，比較七個(gè)地理區(qū)域精神衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人員的人口比例和特征。結(jié)果在757家精神衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)，649家(86%)是精神病院。在這些機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員共計(jì)68,796人(5.16人/10萬(wàn)人口)，包括精神科醫(yī)師20,480人(1.54人/10萬(wàn)人口)和注冊(cè)護(hù)士35,337人(2.65人/10萬(wàn)人口)。超過(guò)80%的衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員都工作在精神病院。29%的精神科醫(yī)生人僅具有技校學(xué)歷，而14%的精神科醫(yī)生沒有學(xué)位。在護(hù)士中有46%的護(hù)士沒有學(xué)歷。我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較落后的北部地區(qū)精神科醫(yī)生或護(hù)士的工齡較其長(zhǎng)。在我國(guó)相對(duì)較富裕的東部和東北部地區(qū)，精神衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)中執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師和注冊(cè)護(hù)士的人口比例要高于平均水平。結(jié)論我國(guó)幾乎所有的精神衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員都工作在精神科?？漆t(yī)院。訓(xùn)練有素的衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員在數(shù)量和地區(qū)的分布上遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法滿足人們對(duì)衛(wèi)生健康的需求。與其他中上等收入國(guó)家相比，我國(guó)每10萬(wàn)人口擁有的精神衛(wèi)生資源較少，所能提供精神衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的專業(yè)人員范圍也較窄。

Background:Mental disorders account for a substantial proportion of the total disease burden in China but the number, distribution and characteristics of the mental health professionals available to provide services for mentally ill individuals is unknown.Aim:Describe the distribution and characteristics of medical professionals working in mental health facilities around China.Methods:Information on the numbers and characteristics of health professionals working in mental health facilities in China in 2010 was obtained from the Statistical Information Center of the Ministry of Health and the population-adjusted ratios and characteristics of these mental health professionals were compared across the seven geographic regions of the country.Results:Among the 757 specialized mental health facilities identified, 649 (86%) were psychiatric hospitals.A total of 68,796 medical professionals (5.16/100,000 population) were working in these facilities, including 20,480 psychiatrists (1.54/100,000) and 35,337 registered nurses (2.65/100,000). Over 98% of these medical professionals worked in psychiatric hospitals. Among the psychiatrists, 29% only had a technical school degree and 14% had no academic degree at all; among the nurses, 46% had no academic qualifications. The duration of employment as a psychiatrist or as a psychiatric nurse was longer among medical professionals working in the economically less dynamic northern parts of the country. The population ratios of licensed physicians and registered nurses working in mental health facilities were significantly higher than average in the relatively wealthy eastern and northeastern parts of the country.Conclusions:Almost all mental health professionals in China work in specialty psychiatric hospitals. The numbers and geographic distribution of trained mental health professionals in China are grossly inadequate to meet the mental health needs of the population. China has a much smaller mental health workforce per 100,000 residents than other upper-middle-income countries, and the range of professionals who provide mental health services is much narrower.

10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.05.003

1Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

2The President’s Office, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

3Office of Mental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China

*correspondence: binxie64@gmail.com

(received: 2013-01-29; accepted:2013-04-26)

Dr. Caiping Liu graduated from the Medical College of Jiangsu University in 2006 with a bachelor’s degree in medicine. She received a master’s degree from the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine in 2009. She is currently working as a resident psychiatrist at the Shanghai Mental Health Center. Her research interest is in violent behavior among adolescents.

*通訊作者: binxie64@gmail.com