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薄荷屬植物揮發性成分及藥理作用研究進展

2013-12-23 05:26:58陳智坤梁呈元任冰如李維林
天然產物研究與開發 2013年6期
關鍵詞:植物研究

陳智坤,梁呈元,任冰如,于 盱,李維林

江蘇省中國科學院植物研究所,南京210014

目前,世界上已發現薄荷屬植物(Mentha L.)25種以上[1],其作為重要的芳香植物廣泛分布于北半球的溫帶地區,少數種見于南半球,我國有薄荷屬植物12 種,主要分布于東北、華東、新疆等地區[2]。其中,薄荷屬植物中薄荷(M. canadensis L.)、辣薄荷(M. ×piperita L.)、留蘭香(M.spicata L.)等被廣泛地應用于食品、醫藥、化妝品、香料、煙草等工業[3],當前,對該屬植物的研究主要集中在揮發性成分,也就是俗稱的“薄荷油”。薄荷揮發性成分主要為多種單萜類化合物,現代藥理學研究表明其具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗輻射、抗癌、降血壓等生物活性。本文對近年來國內外關于該屬植物揮發性成分及活性研究現狀進行綜述,以期為進一步開發和利用該屬植物提供科學參考。

1 薄荷屬植物主要揮發性成分

表1 薄荷屬植物主要揮發性成分Table 1 Main compounds of volatile components from Mentha L.

表1 為,近二十年來世界各地薄荷屬植物所含主要揮發性成分的總結。由表1 可見,薄荷屬植物揮發性相對比較規律,依據主成分大體可以分為四大類:一、薄荷醇(menthol)類保持不了主要植物有M.arvensis ,M. canadensis,M. × piperita,M. requienii;二、胡薄荷酮(pulegone)類,M. cervina,M. pulegium,M. ×dumetorum,M.requienii;三、胡椒酮(piperitone)類,M. aquatic,M. longifolia,M. rotundifolia,M. ×villosa;四、香芹酮類(carvone),M. spicata。然而,研究表明薄荷屬植物因生境及生長階段不同其揮發性成分也會存在顯著差異。

2 薄荷屬植物揮發性成分生物合成途徑

圖1 薄荷屬主揮發性成分生物合成途徑Fig.1 The biosynthesis pathway of volatile components from Mentha L.

如圖1 所示,目前國內外關于薄荷屬植物的主要揮發性成分的生物合成途徑已基本清晰。研究顯示,薄荷屬植物并非以MVA(mevalonic acid)為C5原料的傳統單萜生物合成途徑,而是以MEP 為主要C5 原料[40-44]。MEP 經多步反應轉化成IPP 和DAPP,其中IPP 在IPPi 的作用下生成DAPP;DAPP和IPP 在GPPS 的作用下則產生C10 基本結構GPP;最后GPP 再在不同酶的作用下,經多步反應最終得到相應的單萜類成分。目前已通過分子手段尋找并克隆出調控薄荷屬植物中萜類合成酶所對應的基因,并采用細胞懸浮培養等方式,進行相應萜類代謝產物的生物合成。

3 薄荷屬植物精油相關藥理作用

在世界各地,薄荷屬植物有悠久的種植和使用史,在中國,該屬植物已有2000 多年藥食兩用史[45]。目前,多個發達及發展中國家已將“薄荷油”列入藥典范圍。現代研究表明,薄荷屬揮發性成分具有豐富的生物活性,除傳統用于解熱鎮痛、胃腸道紊亂等疾病治療的藥理活性被驗證,抗氧化、抗菌、抗輻射、抗癌、降血壓等活性及對應作用機理也被逐漸發現。

3.1 抗氧化活性

目前,對于薄荷屬植物的抗氧化活性研究比較熱門,其中薄荷屬的揮發性和非揮發性成分都顯示出良好的抗氧化活性。Hussain[32]通過DPPH 自由基、亞油酸系統以及含有β-胡蘿卜素的亞油酸系統進行抗氧化活性評價顯示,M. spicata 精油對DPPH自由基和亞油酸體系有良好清除活性,其中DPPH對自由基IC50值為13.3 ±0.6 μg/mL,對亞油酸體系清除率可達61.5%,并發現其抗氧化活性與其主成分香芹酮有密切聯系;Schmidt[46]研究表明M. ×piperita 精油同樣對DPPH 自由基和OH 基自由基均有清除作用,其IC50值分別為860 μg/mL,0.26 μg/mL;Gulluce[47]研究表明M. longifolia 精油對DPPH自由基和亞油酸體系有一定抗氧化活性,其中對DPPH 自由基IC50值為10700 μg/mL,但對亞油酸體系在2 mg/mL 時僅達到36%的清除率。

3.2 對病原微生物及昆蟲的作用

現代研究表明,薄荷屬植物揮發性成分對多種病原微生物抑制作用。周露等[8]研究表明M.arvensis 精油對對大腸桿菌、金黃葡萄球菌、白念珠菌有明顯的抗菌活性,其最小抑菌濃度(MIC)分別為0.16,1.25,2.5 v/v,其最小殺菌濃度(MBC)分別為0.31,5,2.5 v/v;李慧等[48]研究表明M.canadensis,M. ×piperita,M. × gentilis 精油對綠膿桿菌有抑制作用,通過與抗生素聯用其抗菌范圍和強度均有所變化;王微等[49]研究表明M.canadensis 精油對所選的包括表皮葡萄球菌等8 種病原菌都有很好的抗菌活性,枯草芽孢桿菌及變形桿菌出現最大的抑菌環,MIC 實驗中,薄荷精油的濃度范圍為5. 00%~0.039%,變形桿菌的MIC 及MBC 值最低,分別為0.625%及1.25%;Rodrigues[50]研究表明M.cervina 精油對23 種細菌具有抑制效果,其中精油對細菌的抑制是由于多種成分的相互協同作用,并非單一成分發揮作用;Goncalves[12]的研究結果顯示M. cervina精油對三種真菌具有很好的抑制作用,其中對表皮寄生菌的MIC 值為0.63 mL/mL,可作為治療腳氣等真菌類疾病替代藥品。Hafedh 等[51]研究顯示M.longifolia 精油對四種革蘭氏陰性菌和革蘭氏陽性菌均有抑制作用;Bassole[52,53]研究表明M. × piperita精油對多種病原微生物具有抑制作用,而對人類病原體只有適度抑制;Sokovic[17,54]研究表明M. ×piperita 精油對匍枝根霉、灰霉病、黑曲霉和紅色毛癬菌具有抑制效果;Mario[26]研究顯示M. requienii 精油對鐮刀菌等7 種微生物具有體外抑制活性;Sarer[31,32,55,56]等研究表明M. spicata 精油對多種病原微生物具有抑制作用,并以香芹酮為例驗證單萜的對應異構體結構與抗菌活性有關,其中(R)(+)-limonene 抗菌活性大于(S)(-)-limonene;Rasooli[57]通過M.spicata 精油體內外生物膜研究實驗為薄荷牙膏抗菌保護口腔黏膜提供臨床依據,并通過與桉樹精油聯用發現一種新型預防和治療齲齒的方法;Sutour[36,37]研究發現M. suaveolens 精油對病原微生物具有抑制作用,其主成分piperitone 對測試的微生物抑制作用最強,其次是piperitenone oxide 和piperitone oxide。除此而外,Walker[58-60]等研究表明M.longifolia,M. ×piperita,M.spicata 精油對玉米象、根結線蟲、螨蟲、蚊子等具有殺滅或趨避作用。因此,人們可利用薄荷屬植物揮發性成分對病原微生物的抑制作用,將薄荷精油廣泛用于喉嚨、口腔等炎癥治療,食品儲存,植物保護等領域。目前留蘭香精油已作為重要的添加劑在牙膏中廣泛使用,薄荷屬其它植物也將在人們日常生活中發揮著巨大的作用。

3.3 抗輻射活性

Haksar[61]通過雄性大鼠實驗表明M. spicata 精油對輻射造成的條件性味覺厭惡有改善作用;Samarth[62-71]研究表明M. ×piperita 精油對輻射誘導的瑞士白化小鼠睪丸損傷、小鼠肝臟抗氧化狀態和脂質過氧化、骨髓染色體、脾臟、腸道損傷均具有保護作用,對小鼠血清磷酸酶具有降低作用,其作用機制可能與增加NO 的釋放、自由基清除活性有關。由此可見,薄荷屬植物精油具有應對電離輻射,可用于宇航員或核環境中的輻射的預防治療。

3.4 抗癌活性

在伊朗M.Pulegium 被用于防腐、驅風、抗痙攣、治療宮頸瘤等疾病。Shirazi[72]研究顯示M. Pulegium 精油對人卵巢腺癌SK-OV-3,人惡性子宮頸細胞株Hela 和人肺癌A549 細胞系均表現出一定的抑制作用,其IC50值分別為14.10,59.10 和18.76 μg/mL,可作為治療人類癌癥的候選藥物。

3.5 解熱鎮痛作用

Sousa[38]通過對服用M. ×villosa 精油及其主成分胡椒烯酮對經醋酸處理的疼痛小鼠模型,結果顯示兩者均具有鎮痛效果,且這種影響不涉及中樞系統。

3.6 降壓及對心血管的影響

Lahlou[73,74]研究表明靜脈注射M. × villosa 油對采用醋酸去氧皮質酮作用的高血壓小鼠模型,結果顯示具有顯著地降壓和調節心律的作用,其主要作用機理是刺激釋放NO 誘導血管平滑肌松弛。

3.7 抗組胺抗過敏作用

林月彬[75]通過三種過敏模型研究顯示,薄荷醇高、中、低劑量組30 min 內在搔抓次數與空白模型組相比顯著減少,高劑量組搔抓潛伏期與空白模型組相比顯著延長;薄荷醇高劑量組能明顯抑制組胺引起的回腸平滑肌張力收縮;薄荷醇高劑量組能抑制豚鼠腹腔細胞組胺釋放作用。研究表明,薄荷醇具明顯的止癢作用,其止癢作用與對抗組胺的作用和抑制組胺釋放有關。

3.8 對皮膚的作用

薄荷屬植物的重要精油成分薄荷醇表現出良好的透皮吸收作用,其在藥品、化妝品、花露水等商品中得到廣泛應用,但薄荷醇透皮吸收機理至今沒有闡明。王暉[76]研究表明薄荷醇對家兔皮膚無急性刺激性。在臨床常用濃度(1%)下,薄荷醇多次給藥對家兔皮膚沒有刺激性,但在2%濃度以上的薄荷醇在多次給藥后會引起家兔皮膚結構不同程度的改變,但薄荷醇對豚鼠皮膚無致敏性。

3.9 毒副作用

盡管Mentha L.屬植物精油有很長久的藥食兩用史,且被多個國家的FDA 列入藥典范圍,但其毒副作用也不容忽視。劉紅杰[77]等研究表明過量使用M.canadensis 精油會造成肝臟損傷,其致病劑量為2.4 mL/kg。Odeyemi[78]研究同樣顯示過量使用M.longifolia 精油造成肝腎負擔。因此,無論是個體差異還是薄荷屬植物潛在的毒副作用,在使用劑量及未來研究中可能存在的毒副作用也都必須引起我們的高度重視。

4 展望

目前有關薄荷屬植物揮發性成分的化學成分及藥理活性研究已有大量研究報道,無論是抗氧化、抗菌、抗癌以及傳統的解熱鎮痛等藥理活性研究都不夠深入,除個別研究系統闡述了藥理學作用機理,大部分研究缺乏作用機制的深入探討,未來可利用多種篩選模型,探究其生物作用,擴大薄荷屬揮發性成分資源開發利用力度和前景。

筆者課題組已從事研究薄荷屬植物10 多年,對我國薄荷原料藥的質量甚為擔憂,市場銷售的薄荷魚龍混雜,直接導致薄荷油成分參差不齊。雖然陳在敏等[77]通過GC-MS,HPLC 建立了薄荷素油及薄荷的指紋圖譜,但指標性成分與活性有待商榷。因此加強原料藥的品種選育及GAP 的研究控制,制定更加科學的質量標準,可在一定程度上保證藥材質量。

薄荷屬植物雜交嚴重,形態結構差異性低,鑒別難度大,許多研究存在植物基原混亂等顯現,本文所總結的薄荷屬植物均以種國際種接受名為準,對種以下如變種或變種接受名依據the plant list 數據庫劃歸為種接受名。除此之外,薄荷屬植物目前接受的種名有38 種,然而國內外研究薄荷屬揮發性成分卻始終集中在該屬某幾種,且沒有進行同屬的精油成分及相關活性比較。未來可對冷門的薄荷屬植物揮發性物質成分及藥理活性的研究,擴大該屬植物的資源利用范圍。

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