熱線答疑

張滿勝，英國(guó)劍橋大學(xué)英語碩士，新東方學(xué)校“新思維語法”培訓(xùn)創(chuàng)始人，著有《英語語法新思維》系列圖書，對(duì)英語語法有深入的研究，突破傳統(tǒng)語法教學(xué)，提出了“語法即思維”的全新語法理念，揭開了英語思維的深層秘密。他對(duì)中國(guó)學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)的癥結(jié)和困惑有深刻的了解，力爭(zhēng)改變中國(guó)學(xué)生“學(xué)習(xí)多年英語，最終還是不會(huì)說、不會(huì)寫、聽不懂”的尷尬局面。歡迎大家來信咨詢與英語學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的問題，請(qǐng)?jiān)谛欧庥蚁陆腔蜞]件主題欄注明“熱線答疑”。

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Q 張老師好，下面這道題的答案是served，老師說句中的for five years強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過去的一段時(shí)間，所以用一般過去時(shí)，但我覺得應(yīng)該用過去完成時(shí)，麻煩您幫忙解釋一下。謝謝！

My cousin Lucy ____ as a secretary for five years in a foreign-owned company， and now she is the company's general manager. （serve）

A 這句話應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)served，因?yàn)橄挛膎ow表明是今昔對(duì)比，這里的for five years只是過去的某一段時(shí)間。如果要用過去完成時(shí)，那么必須還要有另外一個(gè)過去時(shí)間。請(qǐng)比較下面三句話：

a. My cousin Lucy has served as a secretary for five years in a foreign-owned company.

b. My cousin Lucy served as a secretary for five years in a foreign-owned company， and now she is the company's general manager.

c. My cousin Lucy had served as a secretary for five years in a foreign-owned company before she moved to America.

上面三句話用三種時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)了三個(gè)不同的時(shí)間段，詳述如下：

a句用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has served，表明Lucy到現(xiàn)在還是秘書，此時(shí)的時(shí)間段是從過去五年前一直到現(xiàn)在。

b句用了一般過去時(shí)served，表明Lucy現(xiàn)在不再是秘書，含有今昔對(duì)比的意味，而下文也指出了她現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)：now she is the company's general manager。這里的for five years所指的時(shí)間段是過去的某個(gè)五年，與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系，我們也不知道那五年是何時(shí)開始到何時(shí)結(jié)束，即沒有明確的起止時(shí)間。

c句用了過去完成時(shí)had served，serve的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在move之前，不是今昔對(duì)比，只是單純陳述在moved這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前五年的經(jīng)歷，有明確的起止時(shí)間。當(dāng)然，由于moved發(fā)生在過去，所以那五年與現(xiàn)在也沒有聯(lián)系。

Q 張老師好，請(qǐng)您幫忙回答一下下面這兩個(gè)問題。謝謝！

1. It was this house that I was born in. 這句話對(duì)嗎？介詞in可以放在句末嗎？

2. A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet. 這句話中的one為什么不能換成that呢？

A 第一句話最好寫成：It was in this house that I was born. 這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是地點(diǎn)狀語in this house，in最好別放在句末。

第二句話涉及one和that指代的區(qū)別，這是很大的一個(gè)話題，一兩句話無法講解清楚。就本句來說，one在這里表示泛指，而that一般是特指，故one不能換成that。我們可以把one還原成a poem說成：A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than a poem written by a Chinese poet.

Q The living standard of the people in Shanghai ____ in the last 10 years.

A. has raised B. has risen

C. has been raised D. has been risen

張老師您好，這道題答案給的是C，但是我感覺B和C都可以啊，麻煩您給我講解一下，謝謝！

A 你是對(duì)的，B和C都可以，而且has risen更常見，所以最佳答案應(yīng)選B。而has been raised更強(qiáng)調(diào)人為的因素。比如說：In the last few decades， the living standards have been raised to a new high and diet has totally changed.