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耳草屬植物化學成分及藥理活性研究進展

2014-01-10 04:21:12姜艷艷石任兵
天然產物研究與開發 2014年7期
關鍵詞:植物

楊 元,姜艷艷,2*,石任兵,2*

1北京中醫藥大學中藥學院;2 北京市教委中藥質量控制技術工程中心,北京 100102

耳草屬(Hedyotis)為茜草科(Rubiaceae)植物,主要分布于熱帶和亞熱帶地區,少數分布于溫帶。我國有耳草屬植物69 種(包括7個變種),主要分布于長江流域及其以南各省區,北部極少[1]。目前臨床上常用白花蛇舌草、牛白藤、耳草的地上部分入藥,具有清熱解毒、消腫止痛等功效,用于感冒發熱、咽喉腫痛、咳嗽、瘡癤和蛇咬傷。其中白花蛇舌草(H.diffusa)具有良好的抗癌作用,臨床常輔助癌癥治療,中國藥典一部(2010 年版)附錄收載的植物來源為茜草科植物白花蛇舌草Oldenlandia diffusa(willd.)Roxb.的干燥全草[2]。

國內外對耳草屬植物報道較多。目前從耳草屬中分離出環稀醚萜類、黃酮類、醌類、三萜類、生物堿類、糖類等多種類型數百種化合物,其中環稀醚萜類、黃酮類、醌類、生物堿類為該屬植物的主要化學成分。藥理學研究表明,該屬植物具有抗腫瘤、免疫調節、肝保護、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化等多種生物活性。

關于耳草屬植物化學成分與藥理作用的研究,目前,僅見斯建勇[3]等于2007 進行過綜述,本文在其基礎上總結了2007 年至今最新研究進展,并補充了2007 年之前發表而并未被其收錄的部分化合物,如teneoside A、teneoside B、hedyotideaside、capitelline、hedyocapitelline、hedyocapitelline 等,從而更全面深入的對耳草屬植物進行介紹,為其進一步研究和應用奠定基礎。

1 化學成分

1.1 黃酮類

耳草屬植物中含有多種黃酮類成分,主要為黃酮醇及其苷類以及雙黃酮類成分,如槲皮素及其苷類成分、山奈酚及其苷類成分、水仙苷、穗花杉雙黃酮等。從白花蛇舌草(H.diffusa)中分離得到isoscutellarein、isoetin (2、4)[4];3-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxy-flavonol (5)[5];kaeperferol (6)[7,10];kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、kaempferol-3-O-(6''-O-α-L-rhamnoseyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7、8)[7];kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-Dglucopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside(9)[8];kaempferol-3-O-[2″-O-(E-6'''-O-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside、kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside(10、11)[20];kaempferol-3-O-(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (12)[8];kaempferol-3-O-(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside(13)[20];quercetin(15)[9,17];quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(16)[7];quercetin-3-O-(2''-Oglucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(17)[7];quercetin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside(18)[8];quercetin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside(19)[8];5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4' -tetramethoxyflavone(20)[9];amentoflavone(24)[11]。從金毛耳草(H.chrysotricha)中分離得到rutin(1)[31,33,48];isoscutellarein(2)[4];quercetin (15)[9,17];nicotiflorin(22)[31];narcissin(23)[31,48]。從丹草(H.herbacea)中分離得到kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside(14)[45]。從纖花耳草(H.tenellifloa)中分離得到5,7,4'-trihydroxy flavonol-3-O-β-D-glucoside(21)[34]。從該屬植物分離得到的黃酮類成分化學結構如圖1 所示。

圖1 耳草屬植物中黃酮類成分化學結構式Fig.1 Chemical structures of flavonoids from genus Hedyotis

1.2 環烯醚萜類

耳草屬植物中含有的環稀醚萜類化合物主要為環稀醚萜苷,此類成分為耳草屬植物特征化學成分,多數環烯醚萜類成分化學結構中4 位羧基形成甲酯,也有少量4 位無取代基,如harpagoside、harpagide。從金毛耳草(H.chrysotricha)中分離得到asperulosidic acid (25)[48];10-deacetyl asperulosidic acid(27)[28];scandoside methyl ester(28)[31];acetyl scandoside methyl ester(29)[31];6β-hydroxy-genipin(30)[27];asperuloside (hedyotiside B)(32)[48];deacetylasperuloside(33)[48];hedyotiside B (6'-acetyl asperuloside)(34)[28,31];loganin、hedyoside、chrysotosid、hedyotoside、hedyotideaside (36-38、47)[48];6'-acetyl deacetyl asperuloside(54)[31]。從白花蛇舌草中分離得到asperuloside(32)[5,28];diffusoside A、diffusoside B(40、41)[13];E-6-O-p-methoxy-cinnamoyl scandoside methyl ester、Z-6-O-p-methoxy-cinnamoyl scandoside methyl ester、E-6-O-p-feruloyl scandoside methyl ester、Z-6-O-p-feruloyl scandoside methyl ester、E-6-O-p-coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester、Z-6-O-pcoumaroyl scandoside methyl ester(48~53)[21,23]。從纖花耳草(H.tenellifloa)中分離得到asperulosidic acid(25)[34];teneoside A、teneoside B、deacetylasperuloside(31、33、35)[47];teneoside C、harpagoside、harpagide(42、44、45)[35]。從該屬植物中分離得到的環烯醚萜結構式見圖2。

圖2 耳草屬植物中環烯醚萜類成分化學結構式Fig.2 Chemical structures of iridoids from genus Hedyotis

1.3 生物堿

從耳草屬植物中分離得到的生物堿類成分多為β-carboline 類和吲哚類生物堿。從黃毛耳草中分離得到chrysotricine(55)[31];從頭狀花耳草(H.capitellata)中 分 離 得 到capitelline (58)[42]、hedyocapitelline、hedyocapitine(56、57)[41]、(-)-isocyclocapitelline、(+)-cyclocapitelline、isochrysotricine(59、60、61)[38]。耳草屬植物中生物堿類成分化學結構見圖3。

1.4 醌類

圖3 耳草屬植物中生物堿類成分化學結構式Fig.3 Chemical structures of alkaloids from genus Hedyotis

據文獻報道,目前從耳草屬植物中分離得到的醌類成分多數為9,10-蒽醌,另外還有少量1,4-蒽醌和苯醌。取代基多為羥基、甲基、甲氧基和羥甲基,也有鄰位環合成吡喃環的;從丹草(H.herbacea)中分離出2-hydroxymethyl-10-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone、2,3-dimethoxy-9-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone、1,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl anthraquinone、1,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl anthraquinone (62、63、80,81)[46]。從白花蛇舌草(H.diffusa)中分離得到2-methyl-3-hydroxyanthraquinone、2-methyl-3-methoxy anthraquinone、2,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-4-methoxy anthraquinone(66、67、75)[17];2-hydroxy-1-methoxy-anthraquinone、2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethoxy anthraquinone(68、70)[11];2-hydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone、2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (73、78)[26];2-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-methoxy-anthraquinone(69)[6];2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl anthraquinone(71)[22];2-hydroxy-7-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxy anthraquinone(72)[25];2,7-dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone (74)[14];2-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone (76)[6,16];2,6-dihydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone(77)[16];1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-anthraquinone(87)[50];1,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methyl-anthraquinone(88)[51]。從 黃 毛 耳 草(H.chrysotricha)中分離得到2,6-dimethoxyl-1,4-benzoquinone(64)[31,48];hydyotanthraquinone(65)[32]。從頭狀花耳草(H.capitellata)中分離得到2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-dihydrofurano]-8-hydroxyanthraquinone、capitellataquinone A、capitellataquinone B、capitellataquinone C、capitellataquinone D、rubiadin、anthragallol 2-methyl ether、alizarin 1-methyl ether、lucidin-3-O-β-glucoside (79,89-97)[39]。從牛白藤(H.hedyotidea)中分離得到hedanthrosides A、hedanthrosides B、hedanthrosides C、hedanthrosides D、hedanthrosides E(82-86)[44]。從該屬中分離得到的蒽醌類成分化學結構見圖4。

1.5 其他類

三萜類:從耳草屬植物中分離得到的三萜類成分主要為烏蘇烷型、齊墩果烷型和羽扇豆烷型。從黃毛耳草分離得到ursolic acid[29]、oleanolic acid[29]、betulic acid[30]。從纖花耳草(蝦子草)(H.tenellifloa)中分離得到6個烏蘇烷類三萜化合物[50]。從白花蛇舌草中分離得到gypsogenic acid[4]。從牛白藤中分離得到epibetulinic acid[48]。

甾體類:耳草屬植物中分離得到的甾體類成分主要為植物甾醇。從白花蛇舌草、牛白藤、金毛耳草、纖花耳草中分離得到β-sitosterol、stigmasterol、stigmasterol-5,2-diene-3β-7α-diol、stigmasterol-5,2-diene-3β-7β-diol、6-hydroxy stigmast-4,22-dien-3-one、3-hydroxy stigmast-5,22-diene -7-one、ergosterol、daucosterol[6,24,25,42,44]。

苯丙素類:從耳草屬植物中分離得到的苯丙素類成分主要有簡單苯丙素、香豆素和木脂素。從白花蛇舌草和金毛耳草中分離得到esculetin、p-香豆酸、ferulic acid、caffeic acid、scopoletin、liriodendrin、iso-larisiresinol、4,4'-dihydroxy-α-truxillic acid、木脂體紫丁香脂素[4,17,31,32,48,51]。從雙花耳草(H.biflora)中分離得到角形吡喃香豆素hedyotiscone A、hedyotiscone B、hedyotiscone C[37]。

揮發性成分:從耳草屬植物中分離的揮發油主要包括脂肪族含氧衍生物、芳香族含氧衍生物和萜類含氧衍生物。采用SD、GC 和GC/MS 鑒別出白花蛇舌草中30 多種揮發性成分[24]。采用SD、SFE、GC/MS 從劍葉耳草(H.caudatifolia)中鑒別出60 多種揮發性成分[27]。

圖4 耳草屬植物中醌類成分化學結構式Fig.4 Chemical structures of anthraquinone from genus Hedyotis

2 藥理作用

2.1 抗腫瘤作用

白花蛇舌草水煎液對宮頸癌Hela 細胞有較好的抑制作用,可使Ki-67 蛋白的表達下降[51],降低端粒酶活性、下調hTERT mRNA 的表達水平[52]、使Hela 細胞阻滯于S 期[53],從而誘導、促進腫瘤細胞的凋亡。白花蛇舌草多糖對宮頸癌Hela 細胞也有較好的抑制作用[54]。白花蛇舌草對肝癌具有治療效果[55],其水提取物通過上調bax 蛋白表達[56],提高CD4+、CT8+淋巴細胞表達[57],以及下調Cdk2 和E2F1 的mRNA 表達,將肝癌細胞株HepG2 細胞阻滯在G0/G1 期[58],從而達到對肝癌細胞的抑制作用。白花蛇舌草提取物可抑制結腸癌HT-29 的細胞增殖,通過上調bax,下調bcl-2[62]、耐藥基因ABCG2 的mRNA[63]以及HT-29 細胞Pim-1 和Pim-2 的mRNA 表達[64],從而誘導細胞凋亡,起到抗結腸癌的作用。白花蛇舌草提取物能明顯抑制白血病k562 細胞[66]、CEM 細胞[67]、多藥耐藥白血病細胞HL-60/ADR[68]、HL60 細胞株[67]生長,在一定濃度下,可觀察到細胞縮小、染色質明顯濃縮、核聚集等典型細胞凋亡特征,在瓊脂凝膠電泳中出現明顯的DNA 梯形凋亡帶,推測白花蛇舌草可能的抗白血病機制為誘導腫瘤細胞凋亡[66]。

白花蛇色花草醇提物對肺腺癌A594 細胞具有一定的抑制作用,其機制可能是將細胞周期阻滯在G1-G0期、上調Bax 和下調Bcl-2 的表達而誘導細胞凋亡[65]。白花蛇舌草中豆甾醇類成分[59]、揮發油類成分[60]、黃酮類成分[61]對肝癌H22、HepG2 具有一定的抑制作用。

2.2 對免疫功能的影響

白花蛇舌草多糖可顯著促進溶血素形成、可使脾臟及胸腺增重并且明顯提高吞噬能力,從而增強機體的免疫功能[69]。白花蛇舌草總黃酮可以促進免疫功能低下的小鼠由ConA 或LPS-γ 誘導的脾淋巴細胞的增殖反應,促進免疫功能低下小鼠脾臟IgM 抗體形成,并升高抗腫瘤藥物所致的小鼠白細胞減少,從而增強機體免疫[70]。

2.3 抗菌作用

白花蛇舌草95%乙醇提取物對革蘭氏陽性菌、革蘭氏陽性菌具有抑制作用,其中,對格蘭氏陰性菌的抑菌作用大于革蘭氏陽性菌[71]。白花蛇舌草總黃酮對球菌和桿菌均具有不同程度的抑菌和殺菌作用,且對球菌的作用優于桿菌[72]。頭狀花耳草提取物對枯草芽孢桿菌B28(突變株)、枯草芽孢桿菌B29(野生型)、銅綠假單胞菌、耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌有較好的抑制作用[78]。

2.4 抗炎、鎮痛作用

白花蛇舌草總黃酮對二甲苯誘導的小鼠耳腫脹和醋酸所致小鼠毛細血管通透性增高有一定的抑制作用,對大鼠松節油氣囊肉芽增生和新鮮蛋清誘導大鼠足爪腫脹亦有明顯的抑制作用,說明其具有一定的抗炎、鎮痛作用[72]。牛白藤石油醚、乙酸乙酯萃取物能明顯減輕二甲苯誘導的小鼠耳腫脹程度,抑制熱刺激和醋酸引起的小鼠疼痛反應,說明牛白藤有明顯的抗炎、鎮痛活性[73]。

2.5 其它作用

保肝作用:白花蛇舌草可顯著減輕CCl4引起的肝組織病理損傷程度,提高外周血CD4+T 細胞的百分比和CD4+T 細胞/CD8+T 細胞的比值,降低CD8+T 細胞的百分比,降低血漿中TNF-γ 和IL-6的水平,對肝損傷有一定的治療作用[74]。

治療哮喘作用:白花蛇舌草通過阻斷NF -κBp65 表達,下調哮喘小鼠BALF 中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13 水平,同時上調BAIF 中IFN-γ 水平以及降低炎癥細胞數量,從而抑制氣道炎癥,達到治療哮喘的作用[75]。

抗氧化作用:白花蛇舌草多糖和總黃酮、丹草提取物均可以清除DPPH 自由基,且氧化能力隨著與濃度呈現量效關系[76-78]。

神經保護作用:白花蛇舌草中的黃酮類和環稀醚萜類成分可減弱谷氨酸鹽誘導的神經毒性,有一定的神經保護作用[8]。

3 結語

耳草屬植物具有豐富的植物資源和顯著的藥理作用,在民間大多作白花蛇舌草使用。目前,除了白花蛇舌草(Hedyotis diffusa willd.)外,對耳草屬其它植物的研究與開發應用還較少,因此,亟待對本屬植物的化學成分和藥理作用進行進一步深入研究,從而闡明藥效物質基礎,為耳草屬植物的進一步藥用植物資源開發應用提供科學依據。

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