延遲退休之爭

“If China won’t raise the retirement age， till 2014， the young generation must use 41% income to support the elderly.” In recent days， Professor of National Development Research Institute of Peking University Zhao Yaohui’s statement touched the sensitive nerves of people and provoked heated discussions regarding “rising retirement age”， “youths’ pressure” and “employment dilemma”. When the discussion could not break the stalemate， another piece of news from Australia made the discussion turn even more white-hot： Australia will rise the retirement age to 70 years’ old by 2035. Everybody will get old someday， so the discussions is related to everybody.

“如果中國不延長退休年齡，到2015年，年輕一代必須拿出自己收入的41%用來供養老人。”日前，北京大學國家發展研究院教授趙耀輝的這一說法再次觸動了公眾敏感的神經。一時間，有關“延遲退休”、“青年壓力”、“就業形勢”等話題的討論此起彼伏，一波高過一波。當辯論各方再次陷入膠著時，又傳來了澳大利亞將在2035年把退休年齡提至70歲的消息，這無異于在這場白熱化的爭辯中添了一把柴。人生自古誰無老，這場爭論與每個人都息息相關。

At present， population aging is concerned by all countries in the world. According to the statistics provided by United Nations Population Fund， till 2012， the population of over 60 people in the world has reached 810， ，000，000， taking up 11% of the world population； it’s estimated that this number will reach 2，030，000，000， taking up 22% of the world population. In other word， one out of every nine people in the world is 60 or over 60 years’ old. By 2050， this ratio will be one out of every five people. Apart from that， as the medical conditions improve， the life expectancy of mankind is increasing. From 2010 to 2015， the average life expectancy of developed countries is 78， and that of developing countries is 68. From 2045 to 2050， in the developed countries， the average life expectancy will be 83， and in the developing countries， this number will reach 74. With the speeding up of population aging， more and more countries will face many relate problems. Among them， one of the most controversial issues is the retirement system.

目前，老齡化問題備受世界各國的關注。據聯合國人口發展基金會的統計數據顯示，2012年，全世界60歲以上的人口已達到8.1億，占全世界總人口的11%；預計到2050年，60歲以上的人口將達到20.3億，占全世界總人口的22%。也就是說，2012年，全世界9人之中就有1人在60歲或60歲以上。到2050年，這個比例會增加至5個中有1個為60歲及以上之人。此外，隨著醫療健康條件不斷的改善，人類預期壽命也不斷提高。2010年-2015年間，發達國家的人口平均預期壽命為78歲，發展中國家的平均預期壽命為68歲。到2045年-2050年時，在發達國家中，預計出生人口的平均預期壽命將達到83歲，在發展中國家中，這一數字將達到74歲。隨著老齡化的加速，不少國家陷入了集體焦慮。其中，退休制度成為爭論熱點之一。

China

中國

According to the current regulations， the legal retirement age of male is 60 in China， and for female workers and female cadres it is 50 and 55 respectively； for those who provide their service underground， at high altitudes， at high temperatures， of especially heavy manual labor or in harmful jobs， the retirement age for male and female are 55 and 45 respectively； For the workers who have been confirmed to have lost totally or partially the capabilities of work due to occupational disease or job injuries， the retirement age for male and female are 55 and 45 respectively.

根據目前現行的規定，中國法定的職工退休年齡是男性年滿60周歲，女性工人年滿50周歲，女性干部年滿55周歲；從事井下、高溫、高空、特別繁重體力勞動或其他有害身體健康工作的，退休年齡為男性年滿55周歲，女性年滿45周歲；因病或非因工致殘，由醫院證明并經勞動鑒定委員會確認完全喪失勞動能力的，退休年齡為男性年滿50周歲，女性年滿45周歲。

In 2012， the Director of the Social Security Institute of Chinese Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security He Ping suggested that the retirement age should be raised from 2016， and the retirement age should be raised by one year in every two years. Till 2045， the retirement age for both male and female will be 65. In the second half year of 2012， Chinese Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security started the relevant research in rising retirement age. In the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the CPC， the government clearly proposed to make a policy of gradual rising retirement age.

2012年，中國人社部社會保障研究所所長何平建議，中國從2016年起實行延長退休年齡的政策，并每兩年延長1歲退休年齡。到2045年時，不論男女，其退休年齡均為65歲。2012年下半年，人社部啟動了有關延遲退休年齡的系列政策的研究工作。在中共十八屆三中全會上，政府明確提出要研究制定漸進式延遲退休年齡政策。

Australia

澳大利亞

The news that Australia will raise the retirement age to 70 in 2035 made the debate in China even more complicated and confusing. According to the plan of pushing forward a retirement system reform in Australia， the retirement age will be raised from 65 to 67 by 2023， and then gradually transformed to 70 by 2035. The Age reported that the statistics from Australian Federal Bureau of Statistics showed that the average of retirement age of Australian male is 59， and female is 50， which is far from the Australian government’s expectation.

對于中國而言，澳大利亞將于2035年將退休年齡提至70歲的消息讓延遲退休之爭變得更加撲朔迷離。根據澳大利亞進行退休制度改革的方案顯示，澳退休年齡預定到2023年從65歲有可能提高到67歲，并逐步過渡到2035年70歲的退休年齡。據澳大利亞《時代報》報道，澳大利亞聯邦統計局日前公布的數據顯示，目前澳洲男性的平均退休年齡為59歲，女性則是50歲，這與澳洲政府所期望的2023年時67歲退休年齡相去甚遠。

“Since the pension policy was adopted， although many people’s life expectancy has been prolonged， the entrance age of the right to pension has always been 65， which has never been changed since it’s set in 1908. The life expectancy back then was 55， but the life expectancy now is 85.”

“自推出養老金福利以來，盡管絕大多數人的壽命都延長了，但這一在1908年設定的65歲領取養老金的年齡一直沒有改變。當時的預期壽命是55歲，而現在的預期壽命卻是85歲”。

Germany

德國

In Germany， the legal retirement age was set at 65 in 1957. In the past 50 years， the time of people withdrawing their pensions has been increased 8 years in average， reaching about 18 years， which means the retired people have longer access to their pension. However， “the retirement age of 65” will be history in Germany. The German government expressed that the legal retirement age will be raised gradually since January 1， 2012. Till 2030， the retirement age will be raised to 67.

Early in March， 2007， German Bundestag and the Federal Senate passed the law proposed by SPD and CDU that rise the retirement age to 67 gradually since 2012. The gradual transition refers to divide the extra 2 years into 24 months. In the “previous 12 months” stage， which starts from January 1， 2012， the work time of every year will be increased by a month on the basis of the work time of the last year. In this way， by 2024， the retirement age can be raised to 66. In the “later 12 months” stage， which starts from January 1， 2014， the work time of every year will be increased by 2 months on the basis of the last year. In this way， by 2029， the retirement age can be raised to 67. From January 1， 2030， they will stick to the retirement age of 67.

在德國，1957年時制定了法定退休年齡定為65周歲。過去50年里，德國人平均領退休金的時間推遲了8年，達到約18年，這也意味著退休者領取退休金的年限越來越長。然而，“65歲退休制”即將在德國將成為歷史。德國政府表示，將從2012年1月1日起逐步延長法定退休年齡。到2030年時，把退休年齡延長到67歲。

早在2007年3月，德國聯邦議院和聯邦參議院就先后通過了由社民黨和基民盟大聯合政府提出的自2012年起將退休年齡逐步提高到67歲的法律。據悉，所謂的逐步過渡是指將延長的2年分為24個月。前12個月，即從2012年1月1日開始，每年在上一年的基礎上增加1個月的工作時間，這樣在2024年即可過渡到66周歲退休。后12個月，即從2024年1月1日開始，每年在上一年的基礎上多工作2個月方可退休，這樣到2029年就可逐步將退休年齡提高到67歲。從2030年1月1日起，即可執行67歲退休的制度。

According to the statistics of OCED， in the middle of this century， the UK will become one of the countries with the highest retirement age； by 2050， the retirement of US will reach 67； in the meantime， the retirement age of Japan and Mexico will get to 65； and the normal retirement age of Italy and Denmark will reach 69.

根據經合組織的統計，在本世紀中葉，英國將成為退休年齡最高的國家之一；截至2050年，美國退休年齡將達到67歲；屆時，日本與墨西哥兩個國家的退休年齡為65歲；意大利與丹麥的正常退休年齡也將為69歲。