和平與穩定：女性的全面參與至關重要

“Without the full participation of women， peace and stability cannot be achieved.” Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka， the Executive Director of UN Women， said on a conference of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women （UNCSW） in March.

“沒有女性的全面參與，和平和穩定是不可能實現的?！甭摵蠂鴭D女署執行主任姆蘭博·努卡在3月份一次聯合國婦女地位委員會上這樣說道。

Take South Sudan a country always suffering from wars as an example， after decades of chaos， it won the national independence. However， at the end of 2013， after only two and a half year of independence， because of the political conflicts between President Salva Kiir Mayardit and the former Vice President Riek Machar， incidents of violence happened there and expended to areas at the south of the capital Juba， which led to severe national political and security crisis. At present， there are 700，000 people are destitute and homeless.

以飽受戰火之苦的南蘇丹為例，在經過幾十年的混亂后，南蘇丹贏來了國家獨立。然而，2013年底，僅僅獨立兩年半的南蘇丹因總統基爾與前副總統馬查爾之間的政治分歧引發了暴動，并且迅速擴大到首都朱巴以南的地區，造成了70萬人流離失所，并引發了嚴重的全國性政治和安全危機。

When visited South Sudan in February this year， Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka saw the efforts made by the local women for bringing both sides of battles back the to the negotiating table to get a ceasefire agreement and letting peace return to the country. She believes that women are playing a fundamental role in the national liberation of South Sudan and they should take part in the making of political decisions and the development of peace. Their basic rights and interests should not be overlooked. The peaceful construction can only be realized with the participation of women.

姆蘭博·努卡在2014年2月份訪問南蘇丹時，看到當地女性在為使爭斗雙方重回談判桌，促成停火協議，讓和平重回蘇丹等方面所作出的努力。她認為南蘇丹的女性在國家解放中起到基礎性作用，并且女性需要參與到政治決策、制訂和平進展，保證女性的基本權益不會被忽視。同樣和平建設需要女性的參與才能達成。

Women-victims in wars

and chaos

女性——戰爭動亂中的受害者

Because of marginalization in certain societies， poor economic conditions and meager access to education ， women often suffered more when their countries are experiencing wars and chaos.

Besides death， another factor which causes huge physiological and psychological harm to women is sexual violence. In the eastern area of Democratic Republic of the Congo， tens of thousands of women are raped and implemented with brutal violence. The perpetrators include militias， armed forces， members of the army and civilians involved in military conflicts. According to the survey of the local health center of UN in South Kivu， 40 women are raped every day. While the past experience shows that， a report of one rape case means 10 to 20 cases are concealed. From 2005 to 2007， in South Kivu， 14200 women were raped， which was only the recorded number. In North Kivu， there is even no complete statistical data. Violence against women is also violence against the society as a whole.

Sexual violence often is used as a form of terrorism or weapon against society.. During the turmoil in Libya in 2013， the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court charged the former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi of suspected implementation of gang rape on women of the opposite faction and the use of drugs for stimulating soldiers insulting women. Many international armed groups are of suspected use of gang rape， like the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda and the military organizations in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Central African Republic.

一直以來，女性因為生理弱勢、社會觀念、經濟水平、教育因素等綜合原因，往往在國家經歷戰爭或動亂時，受到的傷害更大。

除去死亡外，對女性生理和心理造成巨大傷害的就是性暴力了。在剛果民主共和國的東部地區，上萬名的女性遭到強奸，被實施殘忍的暴力。施行暴力的有參與軍事沖突的民兵、武裝力量、軍隊成員、還有平民。據聯合國在南基伍省當地的健康中心發布的調查報告指出，平均每天有40名婦女被強奸。而以往的經驗表明，每有1起強奸案被上報，就意味著有10到20起強奸案被瞞報。2005年到2007年間，在南基伍省，有14，200名婦女及少女被強奸，這僅僅是當地記錄在案的數字。在北基伍省，甚至連一個完整的統計數據也沒有。可以說，針對婦女的暴力也是針對整個社會的暴力。

而性暴力還常被當做恐怖主義或武器施加于無辜的整個社會。在2013年動蕩的利比亞局勢中，國際刑事法院首席檢察官指控當時利比亞領導人卡扎菲涉嫌對反對派女性實施集體強奸，甚至使用藥物刺激士兵侮辱女性。涉嫌使用集體強奸的國際武裝組織也不在少數，比如烏干達的“圣靈抵抗軍”、剛果（金）和中非共和國的軍事組織等。

But the damages to women caused by violence are far more than this. The consequence of sexual violence can be disastrous， not only physically but also emotionally and psychologically. Mood disorders and mental health problems may cast a shadow over the rest of their lives. Abortion， infertility， difficulty of pregnant， tubal pain and urinary incontinence are some such problems. The most horrible thing is that， rape would increase the risks of HIV infection for them. What’s more， rape would potentially cause victims to be rejected by their parents， husbands and the society.

In areas of wars and chaos， the help provided by law for women is limited. Aminah is a 15-year-old girl in Democratic Republic of the Congo， but she has already gotten a baby. In August， 2012， she was raped by anti-government militants in North Kivu and she wanted to personally testify against those people who made her lost the virginity. When reported the tragic story of the little girl， Washington Post believed that Aminah maybe need to wait for long time. Even if the rapists are arrested， usually they will be released after a few days， which is one of the reasons for the rampant rapists. “High illiteracy rates， poverty and government corruption make women much more easily stuck in the difficult situation” said Hazard Joseph， who once worked at the United Nations Children's Fund in Pakistan.

而暴行對女性造成的傷害不僅僅如此。性暴力所帶來的后果是災難性的：受害者在生理和心理上都會出現很多問題。情緒障礙和精神健康方面的問題將給她們的余生蒙上陰影。流產、不孕、難孕、輸卵管疼痛以及小便失禁等病癥會讓她們極為痛苦。最為可怕的是，她們還會因此而增大感染艾滋病的風險。更為糟糕的是，強奸還有可能會讓她們遭到丈夫、父母以及社會的排斥。

在戰爭動亂地區，法律對女性的援助往往是有限的。阿米娜是剛果（金）一個十五歲的女孩，卻已經有了孩子。2012年8月，她在北基伍省遭到了反政府武裝分子的強奸，她希望能夠在法庭上親自指證那些讓她失去貞操的人?！度A盛頓郵報》在報道這個小姑娘的悲劇時，就表示阿米娜的等待或許需要很長時間。就算強奸犯被緝拿歸案，通常過幾天后就會被釋放出來，這也是讓強奸犯橫行的原因之一?！芭愿呶拿ぢ省⒔洕系呢毨А⒄瘮。谏鐣觼y情況下，更容易陷入困難境地?！痹诎突固孤摵蠂鴥和饡ぷ鞯南墓隆ぜs瑟夫如是表示。

More women take part in the peace process

更多女性參與和平進程

For countries in chaotic areas， when they are on the path of independence and freedom， more and more women there take part in the process of safeguarding the peace and stability of their countries and even participate in political election and decision-making. Like another country suffering from continuous wars-Afghanistan. In the 2014 president election， the number of newly registered voters increased to 3.6 million； approximately 1/3 of them were women.. It remains to be seen how many women are elected into the provincial councils， and next year’s Parliamentary elections will also provide another opportunity for women to be represented in the national political machinery. But more importantly， the commitment of the newly elected government to support and further promote the gains achieved over the past 12 years for women in Afghanistan will be critical.

According to the reports from UN and Golabl Times， in order to create a safe environment for women to vote， 40% of Afghanistan’s 21000 polling places got special settings for women. Staffs at the polling places included women who were trained as security body searchers for female voters. TV and radio promoted the importance of women to vote. On April 5th， the general election day， Sally watts， a female voter said in the interview that， “if we do not vote， we will lose the chance to speak for ourselves. We hope our choice can make Afghanistan a better place in the future.” Shamali， another female voter said that， “the reason why I came here to vote is to encourage women to break the silence and step forward bravely. If they do not vote for themselves， they should cast a sacred vote for the next generation.”

縱觀戰亂地區的國家，她們在走向獨立自由的同時，更多的女性逐漸加入到維護國家和平與穩定的進程中來，甚至參與政治選舉、決策決定中。比如另一個戰火不斷的國家——阿富汗。在2014年的總統選舉中，阿富汗新注冊的選民增加到360萬，其中約有三分之一為女性。到底會有多少女性在省議會的選舉中勝出還有待觀察。對女性來說，明年大選又是一個參與國家政治治理的機會。但更重要的是，新當選的政府繼續支持和推進12年來女權運動的成果。

據悉，為了方便女性參與投票選舉，阿富汗21，000個投票點中的40%為女性做了特別的設置。阿富汗對包括女性在內的投票點工作人員提供了培訓，電視和廣播配合大選對女性參與投票的重要性加以宣傳。在4月5日大選當天，女性選民莎瓦茲在接受媒體采訪時表示，“如果不投票，就喪失了發出聲音的機會。我們渴望自己的選擇使阿富汗的未來變得更好”。一名叫薩馬利的女性選民也表示，“我今天來這里投票，就是希望女性們打破沉默，邁出勇敢的一步。如果她們不愿為自己投票，至少也應該為下一代投出神圣一票?！?/p>

Ensuring women’s participation in decision-making， whether at the national， sub national， community or family level， is a critical step towards gender equality socially. Having a voice in any decision-making process enriches gender equality and thereby the social contract， inclusive governance， and national development.

在保障女性參與制訂決策的問題上，無論是在國家層面還是省市層面，社區或家庭都是實現社會性別平等至關重要的一步。在任何決策上，女性都有發言權，這將豐富性別平等的意義，從而推動國家治理和各方面的發展。

The international community supports the protection of women’s rights and interests

國際社會引導婦女權益保護

The international community’s concern on women in conflict zones has made international organizations， charity groups， non-governmental organizations， community organizations and media become indispensable active powers for advocating and supporting women’s rights and interests. However， it is civil society that should be empowered to find the path to gender equality； external influences can suggest and support change， but the change will happen from within the society.

UN Women Afghanistan Country Office （ACO） said to the reporter that its work of supporting women in the country is focusing on three programmatic areas： Political and Economic Empowerment， Elimination of Violence Against Women （EVAW）， and Coordination and Advocacy. The focus of UN Women’s Political Empowerment Program is to advocate for women’s political rights through strengthening women’s leadership capacities and raising awareness amongst all Afghans of women’s political rights. The UN Women ACO supports the Afghan Government and non-governmental organizations with the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women （CEDAW） UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and related resolutions， and overall awareness of women’s rights in all spheres of life. . They also trained university students and female candidates of provincial council on UN SCR 1325， CEDAW， the Elimination of Violence Against Women Law and Parliamentary acts. The UN Women ACO also has supported ICT centers where women can learn skills that improve their employment profile.

隨著國際社會對戰亂地區女性的關注，國際組織、慈善團體、非政府組織、社區組織及媒體在對女性權益的倡導和支持方面，均是難以缺少的積極力量。

聯合國婦女署阿富汗事務部在接受采訪時告訴記者，為支持阿富汗女性的工作，他們目前主要從政府經濟賦權、消除針對女性的暴力和開展女性合作宣傳三個方面進行。婦女署政治賦權項目通過加強女性領導力和權利意識來倡導女性的政治權利。在目前的工作中，婦女署阿富汗事務部支持阿富汗政府和非政府組織對國際公約《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》的發展和履行，發布了《阿富汗婦女口述歷史報告》、對大學生和省議會女性候選人就聯合國1325號決議、《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》、《阿富汗消除針對婦女暴力法》以及其他省議會法案的培訓。另外婦女署阿富汗事務部還支持當地的培訓中心為女性提供技能培訓，提高女性就業水平。

In order to make sure the equal access to economic activities for women， The UN Women ACO commissioned and published the “Women's Economic Empowerment Report”， compiled four comprehensive training manuals and supported the women’s economic security and rights strategy and implementation plan being developed by the Government. UN Women recently expanded its support to 13 Women Protection Centers in 11 provinces， providing safety and services to women and girls who are victims of violence. It is also working in partnership with the World Health Organization （WHO） and the United Nations Population Fund （UNFPA） to provide financial and technical support towards the development and use of a gender-based violence （GBV） treatment protocol to be implemented by first responders to victims of GBV. . The UN Women ACO provides support to the Ministry of Women’s Affairs （MoWA） in its efforts to ensure implementation of the EVAW Law， through EVAW Commissions. The UN Women ACO also provides the technical and financial support to the High Commission and several Provincial Commissions. It also created the opportunity for 10 Afghan women to take part in the legal reform processes through establishing the Technical Gender Working Group， and has convened conferences on gender and justice in Islam. By inviting experts， both national and international， to express opinions and discuss issues， it helps the civil society to improve its understanding and its work in supporting women’s rights and interests in legal reform.

Since the end of 2013， the UN Women ACO has supported the creation of the Civil Society Exchange， bringin together Afghan Civil Society Organizations to discuss and support women’s participation in the elections Members volunteer their time， and to date the Civil Society Exchange has issued one press release and held its first press conference and will continue to improve the public’s legal awareness for fair and transparent elections. Roshan Siraan， a famous feminist activist in Afghanistan said that， “women need to know about their power and we are working through CSE to motivate women to extensively participate in this national process as voters and candidates.”

在確保女性平等參與經濟活動上，婦女署阿富汗事務部定期發布女性經濟賦權報告、編寫了四本綜合培訓手冊、協助阿富汗婦女部婦女經濟安全和權益計劃的實施等。目前，婦女署阿富汗事務部擴大了對阿富汗11個省的十三個婦女保護中心的支持，向遭受暴力侵害的婦女和兒童提供安保和其他方面的服務。同時，該事務部與世界衛生組織和聯合國人口基金會合作，為阿富汗女性提供資金和技術支持，制定基于性別暴力治療的方案，開展相關調查。此外，事務部還支持阿富汗女性權益部門的工作，確?！断槍D女暴力法》的實施；通過設立性別工作小組，幫助了10名阿富汗女性加入到法律改革的進程中；邀請國內外專家學者舉辦討論會議，幫助國內公民社會組織在法律改革中表達婦女權益。

自2013年末以來，婦女署阿富汗事務部就一直在協助阿富汗公民社會組織就女性參與政治選舉開展對話溝通。“民生社會交流行動”目前已經進行了一次媒體發布和召開了一次新聞發布會，并將繼續就公正透明的選舉提升公眾的法律意識。阿富汗著名女權活動家羅山·絲藍表示，“女性應該清楚知道自身合法權益，我們通過民生社會交流行動來激發更多的女性，不管作為選舉人也好還是被選舉人，參與到國家政治選舉中來?！?/p>

When referring to the most powerful weapon for protecting women， the UN Women believes that education is key to social change and social development everywhere. The improvement of education level and increase of numbers of people receiving education can help communities understand the need for rule of law and societal mores， hold officials accountable for the implementation of the law and protect the legal rights and interests of women. Without the protection of women’s rights and interests， national peace， stability and development are hard to be achieved as well.

A substantive change in the protection of women’s status and rights of the whole society still needs the efforts made by generation after generation. Gender equality is a process of societal change， and must be given the space and time to take place， during which time duty-bearers must ensure the protection of rights.

談及什么是保護女性最強大的武器，婦女署認為，教育水平的上升和接受教育人群的增加，能使社區重視法律和道德，從而督促法律的實施，保護女性的合法權益。沒有對女性權益的保護，國家和平與穩定以及發展同樣難以實現。

要讓整個社會在女性地位、權利保護上有實質性的改變，還需要一代又一代人的努力。性別平等是社會變革的一個過程，必須有足夠的空間和時間，而在這個過程中，社會責任人的合法權益必須得到保護。