緬甸青年創業者所面臨的機遇與限制

Myanmar Government’s recent reforms， such as looser requirements for company registration and import-export licenses， have encouraged young entrepreneurs and has led to a surge in business registrations. Membership of UMFCCI， Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry has risen from 19，000 several years ago to nearly 30，000. UMFCCI also has set up Myanmar Young Entrepreneurs’ Association under its umbrella.

Youth owned business in Myanmar range from IT and medical shops to bars and restaurants. Many young people working in other countries in the region are returning to Myanmar to set up business. For example， U Thaung Su Nyein， who is the vice-president of the Myanmar Young Entrepreneurs’ Association， returned from New York with a few thousand dollars in hand some 12 years ago to set up Information Matrix ， now a thriving IT and media company that employs over 300 people.

緬甸政府的近期改革，如放寬公司注冊和進出口執照注冊要求，鼓勵了大批青年創業者，使商業注冊出現激增。緬甸工商聯合會聯盟的成員數量已由幾年前的19，000人增長至近30，000人。緬甸工商聯合會聯盟還成立了附屬的緬甸青年創業者協會。

緬甸青年的創業范圍涉及IT行業、醫藥經營、酒吧和餐飲業。許多之前在該地區其他國家務工的年輕人選擇返回緬甸自主創業。比如，緬甸青年創業者協會副主席U Thaung Su Nyein，12年前帶著幾千美元的積蓄從紐約返回緬甸，創立了自己的IT公司Information Matrix。該公司現已發展成為擁有超過300名雇員的IT和媒體新銳。

The main constraint that young entrepreneurs face in Myanmar is access to credit and startup costs. It is hard for young people to access credit and convinces investors to give them an opportunity to demonstrate. It seems to be easier for the older generation to get loans.

On the plus side， it is definitely much easier to register a company， from months to less than a week now. Many of the young entrepreneurs feel that continuing reforms are clearly inspiring young people to try business. While young people educated abroad have been the pioneers in starting businesses， locally educated people are also now setting up companies.

緬甸的青年創業者們所面臨的最主要的限制就是資金的獲取和創業的高成本。對年輕人來說，吸引投資和說服投資者給予機會展示自己的才能非常困難。相比而言，年長的人反而更容易獲得貸款。

從積極的方面看，現在注冊一家公司的確比以前容易得多，過去要花費幾個月辦理的手續現在一周之內就可以完成。許多青年創業者感覺到持續的改革確實激勵著年輕人進行創業。接受海外教育的年輕人扮演了創業潮流中的先鋒角色，但現在越來越多的接受本土教育的年輕人也開始注冊公司。

Many young entrepreneurs agree that there is an advantage in getting family support for education abroad as loans and scholarships are hard to come by. Family support for help with start-up funds is also common. There are only a handful of venture capital funds for star-ups and social entrepreneurs. Silk Road Finance and Insitor Management can be mentioned in this context.

With an aim to improving the investment climate for Small and Medium enterprises， SMEs， the Myanmar Government is considering to allow commercial banks to extend long-term loans for more than one year and to use a wider range of collateral instruments， such as moveable assets. It is also considering the establishment of public credit guarantee schemes and a credit bureau. The expansion of microfinance schemes for entrepreneurs -- including for women and youth -- to improve access to capital， in order to reduce reliance on informal money lenders， is underway by encouraging the establishment of private microfinance providers. Plans to expand trade finance schemes， particularly for exports of manufactured goods， are also being appraised （Sources ： Ft ， OECD， 2013）.

很多青年創業者同意由家庭資助的海外教育很有優勢，因為貸款和獎學金很難申請。由家庭提供創業基金在創業者當中也很常見。目前只有少數幾家風投基金為創業者和社會企業家進行投資。其中絲綢之路金融（Silk Road Finance）和Insitor Management是比較有代表性的兩家。

為了改善中小型企業的投資環境，緬甸政府正考慮允許商業銀行發放期限超過1年的長期貸款，并使用如可動產等更廣泛的擔保手段。政府還考慮建立公共信用擔保計劃和信貸局。政府還通過鼓勵私營小額信貸機構，擴展針對創業者的小額信貸計劃，包括針對婦女、青年的信貸業務，以增強創業者對資金的獲取，降低其對非正式借款人的依賴。貿易金融計劃，特別是在制造品出口領域，也得到扶持。（來源：Ft， OECD， 2013）