中華醫學會器官移植學分會
中華醫學會外科學分會移植學組
中國醫師協會器官移植醫師分會
據統計中國每年超過30 萬人死于肝細胞肝癌(以下簡稱肝癌),占全球肝癌死亡人數的一半左右。而肝移植是被全世界認可的治療終末期肝病最有效的手段之一。我國自20 世紀90 年代掀起第二次肝移植熱潮以來,肝移植事業發展迅猛,呈專業化和規模化發展態勢,在移植數量和質量方面已接近或達到西方發達國家水平。截止2014 年4 月,中國肝移植注冊網站登記肝移植26 751 例。目前,肝移植在全國范圍內已得到廣泛開展,亟待相關實踐指南來指導全國肝移植工作更規范、有效、安全地開展。中華醫學會器官移植學分會、中華醫學會外科學分會移植學組及中國醫師協會器官移植醫師分會組織專家制定肝癌肝移植臨床實踐指南,重點闡述肝移植受者選擇標準、術前降期治療、抗病毒治療、免疫抑制劑應用、術后復發防治五部分內容。本指南采用的循證醫學證據分級主要參考2001 牛津證據分級(詳見表1),推薦意見強度主要參考GRADE系統推薦分級等[1-2]。
供肝短缺是世界性難題,故應將寶貴的供肝資源優先分配給肝移植的最大獲益者。心臟死亡器官捐獻是中國現今拓展供肝來源的主要方向,而活體肝移植在有豐富移植經驗的醫療單位已成為一項成熟技術[3]。1996 年Mazzaferro 等提出米蘭標準后,符合米蘭標準的肝癌肝移植受者獲得了長期存活[4-7]。但米蘭標準對肝癌大小和數目的限制過于嚴格,更重要的是忽略了腫瘤的生物學特性。如果根據米蘭標準,中國大多數肝癌患者將失去肝移植機會。近年來國際上涌現出一些新的肝癌肝移植受者選擇標準,如加州大學洛杉磯分校(University of California,San Francisco,UCSF)標準、Up-to-Seven標準等,這些新標準提出的共同目的是擴大受者人群并取得與米蘭標準相似的移植生存率[8-9]。2008 年,中國提出的杭州標準是國際上首個引入腫瘤生物學特性和病理學特征的移植標準,這是對以往標準局限于腫瘤形態學的巨大突破。研究證實,無論是尸體肝移植還是活體肝移植,符合杭州標準的肝癌受者均獲得滿意的術后生存率[10-15]。近年來,對于肝癌切除術后復發者,如符合肝移植準入標準,多數專家主張行搶救性肝移植[16-17];對于肝癌肝移植術后移植物失功者,再次肝移植應審慎考慮[17-18]。

表1 循證醫學證據分級

表2 肝癌肝移植受者選擇標準
肝癌肝移植術前腫瘤降期治療是通過一系列治療手段,減輕腫瘤負荷,降低分期,使超出肝癌肝移植受者選擇標準的患者能夠被納入移植標準,獲得肝移植機會。降期治療主要適用于不符合現有肝癌肝移植標準,且無門靜脈主干或下腔靜脈等大血管侵犯、無遠處轉移的肝癌患者[17,19-21]。降期治療的方法主要有局部消融治療和肝動脈栓塞化療(transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization,TACE)等[17,19,22]。局部消融治療包括射頻消融、微波消融、冷凍消融和經皮無水乙醇注射等方法。降期治療的療效一般采用對比增強CT 和MRI,并結合甲胎蛋白(alpha fetal protein,AFP)水平變化進行評估,評價指標包括腫瘤大小、數目和AFP 水平等[22-28]。目前研究認為多種治療方法的聯合應用可達到更好的降期療效[29]。

表3 肝癌肝移植術前降期治療
中國肝癌肝移植受者90%以上與乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染相關。肝移植前HBV 載量高以及肝移植后乙型肝炎(以下簡稱乙肝)復發的受者,肝癌復發的風險增加,因此對乙肝肝移植受者盡早行抗病毒治療,盡快降低HBV 水平,有助于降低移植術后乙肝復發率,提高受者長期生存率[30-32]。HBV 載量高的等待肝移植患者應采用恩替卡韋等強效、高耐藥屏障核苷類似物(nucleostide analogues,NAs)。移植術中無肝期應給予乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(hepatitis B immunoglobulin,HBIG)。移植后的主要抗病毒治療方案為NAs 聯合低劑量HBIG,其中恩替卡韋或替諾福韋的聯合方案能更好地預防移植術后乙肝復發[33-38]。近年來,研究表明應用無激素免疫抑制方案可降低移植術后乙肝復發率[39]。此外也有移植術后接種乙肝疫苗預防乙肝復發的報道,其臨床應用尚有爭議[40-42]。中國丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)感染患者呈增多趨勢,HCV RNA 陽性患者如肝功能Child-Pugh 評分≤7,術前宜進行抗病毒治療,移植術后須經病理確認丙型肝炎復發后方可給予抗HCV 治療[43]。
鈣調磷酸酶抑制劑(calcineurin inhibitor,CNI)的應用是肝移植后肝癌復發的獨立危險因素[44]。對于肝癌肝移植受者,腫瘤的復發風險與其侵襲性及機體的免疫功能有關,受者處于強免疫抑制狀態時其免疫監視系統受到破壞,促進腫瘤復發、轉移,而免疫抑制劑量不足則容易誘發排斥反應。如何維持這一平衡,目前尚無定論[45-47]。肝癌肝移植受者目前尚不建議免疫抑制劑的全線撤除,但主張個體化的低劑量免疫抑制方案[45]。近年來臨床上有糖皮質激素早期撤除、無糖皮質激素及使用具有腫瘤抑制作用的mTOR 抑制劑(西羅莫司為代表)的成功應用方案[48-51]。目前臨床上主要的免疫抑制方案為:①他克莫司或環孢素+嗎替麥考酚酯+糖皮質激素;②白介素-2 受體阻滯劑+西羅莫司+嗎替麥考酚酯+糖皮質激素;③白介素-2 受體阻滯劑+嗎替麥考酚酯+他克莫司/西羅莫司[52-55]。

表4 肝癌肝移植受者抗病毒治療

表5 肝癌肝移植受者免疫抑制劑應用
文獻報道,肝癌肝移植術后5 年肝癌復發率可達20% ~57. 8%,故復發轉移的防治十分重要[56-57]。肝癌的形態學特征(大小、數目等)、分期、組織學分級以及生物學特性等應作為術后用藥的重要參考,制定個體化治療方案。
肝癌肝移植術后可能存在針對腫瘤的免疫逃逸,故應給予受者一定療程的術后治療,以期盡可能地減少微小轉移灶,降低術后復發率。選用碘131美妥昔單抗放射免疫治療、索拉非尼治療以及系統性化療(如奧沙利鉑或阿霉素分別與氟尿嘧啶聯合使用),均可為部分受者提供一定的生存獲益[58-61]。
對于肝移植術后肝癌復發轉移者,應用索拉非尼治療,可延長受者生存期[17,62-64]。肺轉移灶如可切除,首選手術切除[65]。移植肝內復發病灶的局部治療包括手術切除、TACE,局部消融等[66-68]。此外,有專家提出放療、再次肝移植等可作為治療的選擇。對于晚期患者,可考慮減少或停止免疫抑制劑的使用。

表6 肝癌肝移植術后復發的防治
編審專家組組長: 鄭樹森
編審專家組成員( 按姓氏拼音排序) : 陳規劃、陳實、陳孝平、陳燕凌、陳知水、陳忠華、丁義濤、董家鴻、竇劍、竇科峰、杜國盛、段偉東、傅志仁、高杰、高良輝、何曉順、賀強、景鴻恩、李波、李立、李寧、李玉民、劉景豐、劉軍、盧實春、呂國悅、明英姿、彭承宏、彭貴主、彭志海、錢建民、沈巖、沈中陽、石承先、時軍、孫玉嶺、王偉林、溫浩、吳健、吳忠鈞、夏強、徐驍、嚴律南、楊廣順、楊家印、楊揚、楊占宇、葉啟發、臧運金、張峰、張珉、張水軍、鄭樹森、周琳、朱繼業、朱志軍
執筆: 徐驍、李建輝、高峰、陳峻、舒哲悅、方維佳、衛強
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