Measurement of spatiotemporal characteristics of femtosecond laser pulses by a modified single-shot autocorrelation

Deng Yangbao Deng Shuguang Xiong Cuixiu Zhang Guangfu Tian Ye Shen Lianfeng

(1National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China)(2College of Communication and Electronic Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China)

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Measurement of spatiotemporal characteristics of femtosecond laser pulses by a modified single-shot autocorrelation

Deng Yangbao1,2Deng Shuguang2Xiong Cuixiu2Zhang Guangfu2Tian Ye2Shen Lianfeng1

(1National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China)(2College of Communication and Electronic Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China)

To overcome the shortcomings of the single-shot autocorrelation (SSA) where only one pulse width is obtained when the SSA is applied to measure the pulse width of ultrashort laser pulses, a modified SSA for measuring the spatiotemporal characteristics of ultrashort laser pulses at different spatial positions is proposed. The spatiotemporal characteristics of femtosecond laser pulses output from the Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier system are experimentally measured by the proposed method. It was found that the complex spatial characteristics are measured accurately. The pulse widths at different spatial positions are various, which obey the Gaussian distribution. The pulse width at the same spatial position becomes narrow with the increase in input average power when femtosecond laser pulses pass through a carbon disulfide (CS2) nonlinear medium. The experimental results verify that the proposed method is valid for measuring the spatiotemporal characteristics of ultrashort laser pulses at different spatial positions.

spatiotemporal characteristics; modified single-shot autocorrelation; femtosecond laser pulses; ultrafast laser technology

With the rapid development of the ultrafast laser technology, the pulse width of ultrashort laser pulses has entered the attosecond field[1-2]. Ultrafast laser technology has broad application prospects in many fields, such as optical communication, laser-plasma interaction, and pump-probe spectroscopy[3-5]. The ultrashort laser pulse is used as a very short time probe, which provides an important tool for investigation in the microscopic world. Before ultrashort laser pulses are used for practical applications, it is necessary to properly characterize their main parameters, including energy, power, spectrum, spatial beam, temporal shape, pulse width and phase. It is easy to measure the energy, power, spectrum and spatial shape directly, but it is more difficult to measure the temporal shape, pulse width and phase directly due to the limitations of the instruments.

There are two types of methods for measuring the temporal shape and pulse width. One is a direct electronic technique, consisting of fast photodiodes and high-bandwidth oscilloscopes[6], which are limited to the several picoseconds. Therefore, fast photodiodes and high-bandwidth oscilloscopes are not suitable for recording the temporal profile of an ultrashort (femtosecond or attosecond) laser pulse. The only detector that reaches a time resolution below one picosecond is the streak camera[7], which is also not suitable for measuring the temporal profile of the ultrashort laser pulse. The other is the optical correlation technique, mainly including intensity autocorrelation[8-10], intensity cross-correlation[11-12], frequency resolved optical gating (FROG)[13-14]and spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER)[15-16]. The intensity autocorrelation technique uses a model to retrieve the pulse shape according to the experimental data. The intensity cross-correlation technique characterizes the temporal shape of a complex pulse directly by measuring the sum-frequency signal light, whose resolution primarily depends on the pulse width of a probe pulse[11]. Unfortunately, the autocorrelation and cross-correlation only measure the pulse shape and pulse width, and do not measure the phase characteristics. FROG retrieves the electric field of ultrashort laser pulses based on a complex iterative algorithm. SPIDER does not give the pulse width information directly, but reconstructs the pulse shape and pulse width by the Fourier transform. FROG and SPIDER are very useful for measuring the amplitude and phase of the ultrashort laser pulse, but they are more complex in experiment operations.

In all the above methods, the SSA’s operation is simple and convenient, and it is also suitable for measuring the ultrashort laser pulse with a pulse width of hundreds of femtoseconds. However, only one pulse width of the whole beam is obtained when the SSA is used to measure the pulse width of ultrashort laser pulses. In fact, pulse stretching and compression are asymmetric, causing the pulse widths at different spatial positions to be different due to the effect of the residual spatial chirp. For the shortcomings of the SSA and the aforementioned reasons, a modified SSA is proposed for measuring the spatiotemporal characteristics of the femtosecond laser pulse. The proposed method not only measures the spatiotemporal characteristics of a laser pulse at different spatial positions, but also characterizes the temporal evolution of a pulse at the same spatial position after nonlinear propagation.

1 Measurement Principle Analysis

SSA is used to measure the pulse width of ultrashort laser pulses, which mainly measures the cross distribution of the second harmonic (SH) beam. If the pulse has the Gaussian time shape, the cross sizeDof the SH beam depending on the pulse widthTof base frequency laser pulse is written as[7]

(1)

where Δtis time delay, andZ0is the center of the SH beam cross distribution. It should be noted that Eq.(1) is correct under the condition of

(2)

wherenis the refraction index of the nonlinear crystal;uis the light velocity of the base frequency laser pulse in the crystal;Tis the pulse width of base frequency laser pulse at FWHM;dis the beam diameter of the base frequency beam at the FWHM of intensity;Ψis the angle between the two beams outside the crystal.

It is clear that direct measurement of ΔtandZ0is rather difficult. With the help of optical delay line, it is possible to change the value of Δt. Simultaneously, the centerZ0of the SH beam is changed. If two centersZ01andZ02are corresponding to the micrometric head positionsL1andL2, the time delay differential can be written as

(3)

wherecis the light velocity of the base frequency beam in vacuum. On the other hand, the time delay differential can be obtained from Eq.(1),

(4)

By Eqs.(3) and (4), we can obtain

(5)

By Eq.(5), the pulse widthTcan be written as

(6)

which is the basic expression for measuring the pulse width based on the SSA.

(a)

(b)

2 Experimental Setup of Modified SSA

The experimental setup of the modified SSA and spatial intensities distributions of the probe laser pulse after a slit are shown in Fig.2. In Fig.2(a), A1 and A2 represent the adjustable neutral density attenuators and SM is the spatial modulation. The femtosecond laser pulse is output from the Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier system (Coherent Libra S), whose main parameters are as follows: the pulse width is 100 fs; central wavelength is 800 nm and then repetition frequency is 1 kHz. A collimated laser pulse is separated into two laser pulses by a beam splitter, where one is used as a pump laser pulse and the other is used as a probe laser pulse that is controlled by a slit. The reflectivity of the beam splitter is about 20%. The sum-frequency light with the 400 nm wavelength is generated in the BBO crystal (7 mm×7 mm×0.7 mm) by a small angle nonlinear sum-frequency interaction between the pump laser pulse and the probe laser pulse. The charge-coupled device CCD (Coherent Laser Cam-HRTM, 1 280×1 024 pixel, resolution: 6.7 μm×6.7 μm) has two functions. One is used to measure the spatial characteristics of the pump laser pulse directly, and the other is used to measure the pulse width evolution of the pump laser pulse at different spatial positions indirectly based on the principle in Section 1. As the probe laser pulse is controlled by a silt, the transverse spatial profile of the probe laser pulse after passing through a slit is approximately a sinc function distribution[17], as shown in Fig.2(b). The main peak becomes narrow and the side-lobes are very weak with the increment of the slit width. However, the intensities of the side-lobes increase gradually when the slit width is wider than 0.67 mm. In order to achieve the narrowest spatial distributions of the main peak and ensure that the side-lobes have little effect on the measurement results, the slit width is adjusted to 0.67 mm (see Fig.2(b)).

(a)

(b)

3 Experimental Results and Discussion

3.1 Measurement of the spatial characteristics

The spatial intensity distribution of the pump laser pulse with a cross-silk modulation and the measured spatial characteristics of the pump laser pulse are shown in Fig.3. In order to measure the complex transverse spatial characteristics of the pump laser pulse, the slit is vertically placed. The experimental measured transverse spatial distributions of the modulation peaks of the pump laser pulse are shown in Fig.3(b), which is almost the same as that in Fig.3(a). The BBO crystal is not sufficiently large for our experiment and the edge spatial intensity of the pump laser pulse is very weak, so Fig.3(b) does not characterize the edge spatial characteristics of the pump laser pulse. The longitudinal spatial intensity distributions of the pump laser pulse with a cross-silk modulation are also measured when the slit is horizontally placed. Therefore, all the spatial intensity distributions of the ultrashort laser pulse are measured accurately based on the modified SSA.

(a)

(b)

Fig.3 Experimental results of spatial measurement. (a) Spatial intensity distribution of the pump laser pulse with a cross-silk modulation; (b) Measured transverse spatial intensity distribution of pump laser pulse

3.2 Measurement of the temporal characteristics

The experimental measured temporal characteristics are shown in Fig.4. As the initial spatial modulation shape of the pump laser pulse has little effect on the validity of the pulse width measurement, for convenience of spatial orientation, the pump laser pulse is added to a single silk modulation during measurement, whose spatial intensity distribution is shown in Fig.4(a). When the slit is vertically placed, the pulse widths at different transverse spatial positions between pointsAandBare measured as shown in Fig.4(b), where the solid square boxes are the experimental results and the solid curve is the Gaussian fitting results. The pulse widths at different transverse spatial positions obey the Gaussian distribution. The pulse width of the pump laser pulse at the strongest spatial modulation positionP1is measured and then the probe laser pulse is moved in the transverse spatial direction step by step. So the pulse width at different transverse spatial positions between pointsAandBare measured. The pulse widths at transverse spatial positions are represented byP1,P2andP3(see Fig.4(a)) are 95, 106 and 100 fs (see Fig.4(b)), respectively. The pulse width atP3position is the same as that measured by the SSA. Pulse broadening and compression are asymmetric, which causes the best compression in the central positions, thus the pulse widths at edge positions are wider than those of central positions due to the effect of the residual spatial chirp (see Fig.4(b)). The pulse widths at different longitudinal spatial positions are also measured when the slit is horizontally placed. Therefore, the pulse widths of the ultrashort laser pulse at all spatial positions are measured based on the modified SSA.

Furthermore, the temporal evolution of the pump laser pulse atP3position after propagating in the CS2nonlinear medium is measured. The variation of the measured spatial contrast with input average power is shown in Fig.4(c),where the solid triangles are the experimental results and the solid curve is the nonlinear fitting results. It is clearly seen that the spatial contrast is increased with the increment of rising power, so the pump laser pulse generates a small-scale self-focusing effect (see Fig.4(c)). The small-scale self-focusing effect enhances the spatial intensity atP3position, which in turn affects the temporal evolution at this position. The measured evolution of pulse width atP3position is represented in Fig.4(d), where the solid circle boxes are the experimental results and the solid curve is the nonlinear fitting results. The pulse width becomes narrower with the increase in the input average power due to the spatiotemporal coupling effect[18].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig.4 Experimental results of temporal measurement. (a) Spatial intensity distribution of the pump laser pulse with a single silk modulation; (b) The measured pulse widths of pump laser pulse at different spatial positions between pointsAandB; (c) Variation of spatial contrast with input average power; (d) Variation of the measured temporal evolutions of pump laser pulse atP3position with input average power

4 Conclusion

In this paper, a modified SSA is proposed for measuring the spatiotemporal characteristics of a femtosecond laser pulse at different spatial positions. After theoretical analyses on the measurement principle, the spatiotemporal characteristics of femtosecond laser pulses output from the Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier system are measured by the proposed method. The experimental results show that the complex spatial characteristics are measured accurately when the femtosecond laser is added to a diffraction modulation. The initial pulse widths of the whole beam at different spatial positions are different due to the effect of the residual spatial chirp, which obey the Gaussian distribution. When the femtosecond laser pulse propagates in the CS2nonlinear medium, the pulse width at the same spatial position becomes narrow with the increase in the input average power due to the spatiotemporal coupling effect. Therefore, the experimental results verify that the proposed method is valid for measuring the spatiotemporal characteristics of ultrashort laser pulses at different spatial positions.

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基于改進(jìn)的單次自相關(guān)測(cè)量飛秒激光脈沖的時(shí)空特性

鄧楊保1, 2鄧曙光2熊翠秀2張光富2田 野2沈連豐1

(1東南大學(xué)移動(dòng)通信國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 南京 210096)(2湖南城市學(xué)院通信與電子工程學(xué)院, 益陽(yáng) 413000)

針對(duì)單次自相關(guān)方法只能測(cè)量一個(gè)脈寬的缺點(diǎn),提出一種改進(jìn)的單次相關(guān)方法測(cè)量超短激光脈沖全空域中不同空間位置的時(shí)空特性．通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量了鈦寶石激光器輸出飛秒激光脈沖的時(shí)空特性,結(jié)果表明飛秒激光脈沖全空域中不同位置的復(fù)雜空間特性得以精密測(cè)量;不同空間位置的時(shí)間脈寬不同,它們服從高斯分布;當(dāng)飛秒激光脈沖經(jīng)過(guò)二硫化碳非線性介質(zhì)傳輸后,隨著輸入平均功率的增加,同一空間位置的時(shí)間脈寬呈現(xiàn)慢慢變窄的趨勢(shì)．實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了所提方法可以有效地測(cè)量超短激光脈沖全空域中不同空間位置的時(shí)空特性．

時(shí)空特性; 改進(jìn)的單次自相關(guān); 飛秒激光脈沖; 超快激光技術(shù)

TN2

Received 2014-05-07．

Biographies：Deng Yangbao (1983—), male, doctor, lecturer; Shen Lianfeng (corresponding author), male, professor, lfshen@seu.edu.cn.

s：The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61171081, No.61471164), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No.14JJ6043).

：Deng Yangbao, Deng Shuguang, Xiong Cuixiu,et al.Measurement of spatiotemporal characteristics of femtosecond laser pulses by a modified single-shot autocorrelation[J]．Journal of Southeast University (English Edition),2014,30(4):411-415．

10.3969/j.issn.1003-7985.2014.04.002

10.3969/j.issn.1003-7985.2014.04.002