莫斯科

柴博聞

編 者 注

莫斯科，現俄羅斯聯邦首都，也是俄羅斯政治、經濟、科學文化及交通中心。莫斯科建城于1147年，迄今已有800余年的歷史，是世界特大都市之一，也是歐洲最大的城市。紅場是莫斯科的中心廣場，著名的克里姆林宮、列寧墓、歷史博物館及大教堂都在這里。

The Red Square is the central square in Moscow， Russia. It joins the Kremlin Wall on one side， and in front of it stands the tomb of Lenin， where his embalmed body can be seen. On another side of the Red Square is the Historical Museum， and on the fourth， St. Basils Cathedral. 紅場是莫斯科的中心廣場。它的一面是克林姆林宮的墻，在它的前面是列寧墓。在那里可以瞻仰列寧的遺體。紅場的另外一邊是歷史博物館，第四面則是圣巴西爾大教堂。

The Red Square was built by Ivan III at the end of the 15th century. The Czar sent for Italian architects and built the present wall of the Kremlin and two of the cathedrals. Then the building complex on the square was shaped and the layout of the Red Square was established. 紅場是由伊凡三世在十五世紀末期修建。沙皇派人請意大利的建筑師們修建了今天的克林姆林宮及兩座教堂。這樣廣場的建筑群就形成了，紅場的布局誕生了。

The Red Square is world-famous， as lots of important public events take place there. The anniversary of the Russian Revolution is celebrated there on Nov. 7th， and Labor Day on May 1st and 2nd. 紅場世界聞名，因為很多重要的事件都發生在這里。十一月七日，一年一度的俄國革命紀念日慶典及五月一日、二日勞動節的慶?；顒佣荚谶@里舉行。

The Red Square was not named by communists， although red is their symbolic color. In 1658， Czar named the square The Red Square. In Russian， the word “red” means “beautiful”. So the square was known as “Beautiful Square”. 紅場并不是共產黨人命名的，雖然紅色是他們的象征色。1658年沙皇給這個廣場命名“紅場”。在俄語中，紅色表示“美麗”。所以紅場又以“美麗的廣場”而著名。

The Moscow Kremlin， sometimes referred to as simply The Kremlin， is a historic fortified complex at the heart of Moscow， overlooking the Moskva River （to the south）， Saint Basils Cathedral and Red Square （to the east） and the Alexander Garden （to the west）. 莫斯科克林姆林宮，有時候簡稱克林姆林宮，是莫斯科中心的一個歷史建筑群，南面俯瞰莫斯科河，東邊是圣巴西爾大教堂和紅場，西邊是亞歷山大公園。

The best known Kremlins include four palaces， four cathedrals and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. The complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. 著名的克林姆林宮群包括四個宮殿、四個教堂、封閉的克林姆林宮墻及克林姆林宮塔。這個建筑群是俄羅斯聯邦總統官邸。

The name The Kremlin is often used as a metonym to refer to the government of the Soviet Union （1922-1991） and its highest members （such as general secretaries， premiers， presidents， ministers and commissars）， in the same way that the metonym Quai dOrsay refers to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs， the White House refers to the Executive Office of the President of the United States and Number 10 Downing Street （or simply Number 10） refers to the Office of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. 克里姆林宮經常用來指前蘇聯政府（1922年至1991年）及最高領導人（總書記，總理，總統，部長，政委），就像卦奧賽是指法國外交部，白宮指美國總統執行辦公室，唐寧街10號（或者10號）指英國首相辦公室。

It is still used in reference to the government of the Russian Federation and even the Russian Presidents official website is Kremlin.Ru. “Kremlinology” refers to the study of Soviet and Russian policies. 現在的克林姆林宮仍然用來指俄羅斯聯邦政府，甚至俄羅斯總統的辦公網站都是Kremlin.Ru. “Kremlinology”指俄羅斯政策研究。